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sábado, 9 de mayo de 2020

El año pasado establecimos un escenario de desastre sorprendentemente similar al de las noticias actuales-We Predicted a Coronavirus Pandemic. Here’s What Policymakers Could Have Seen Coming.

We Predicted a Coronavirus Pandemic. Here’s What Policymakers Could Have Seen Coming.

Last year we ran a disaster scenario shockingly similar to the news now. Here’s what experts realized the world is getting wrong, and how they can fix it.

pandemic map illustration

The news of a highly contagious new virus jumping from China to the U.S. has caught many Americans by surprise. For us, the outbreak was more like déjà vu: Last October, we convened a group of experts to work through what would happen if a global pandemic suddenly hit the world’s population. The disease at the heart of our scenario was a novel and highly transmissible coronavirus.

For our fictional pandemic, we assembled about 20 experts in global health, the biosciences, national security, emergency response and economics at our Washington, D.C., headquarters. The session was designed to stress-test U.S. approaches to global health challenges that could affect national security. As specialists in national security strategic planning, we’ve advised U.S. Cabinet officials, members of Congress, CEOs and other leaders on how to plan for crises before they strike, using realistic but fictional scenarios like this one.

The experts we convened walked through just how Americans and the global community would fare—how the pandemic would stress resources, bureaucracies and international relations. We then had participants backcast to today, recommending changes to our current path that could help avoid or manage the risks of a pandemic.

What we found, overall, was that the world has changed in ways that make it far harder to contain disease—and some of the mistakes that fuel its spread have already happened in the current real-world outbreak. There is still time, though, to think more carefully about how to respond both to this outbreak and likely future ones.

We chose a new strain of coronavirus for our scenario because scientists agreed that this was a likely pathogen for a future epidemic; recent outbreaks such as SARS and MERS were also caused by the coronavirus family. The future we described was based on the research of deep subject matter experts who have studied recent epidemics, including our colleagues in the Center for Strategic and International Studies Global Health Security program and researchers with the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security.

The parallels between our exercise and today’s real outbreak aren’t exact. We assumed a research laboratory-created virus first released in Europe (by accident or intentionally—we left it deliberately unclear); the real-world SARS-CoV-2 virus likely originated in wild animals sold at a meat market and was first detected in Wuhan, China. But other aspects are extremely similar: In our scenario, the virus was highly transmissible and had a 3.125 percent lethality rate. So far, the true rate of the new virus is unknown, but according to the World Health Organization about 3.4 percent of reported COVID-19 cases have died.

So what happened, as our exercise unfolded—and what do Americans need to know about what might happen next?

La noticia de un nuevo virus altamente contagioso saltando de China a los EE.UU. ha cogido a muchos americanos por sorpresa. Para nosotros, el brote fue más bien un déjà vu: El pasado mes de octubre, convocamos a un grupo de expertos para trabajar en lo que sucedería si una pandemia global golpeara repentinamente a la población mundial. La enfermedad en el centro de nuestro escenario era un novedoso y altamente transmisible coronavirus.

Para nuestra pandemia ficticia, reunimos a unos 20 expertos en salud global, las biociencias, la seguridad nacional, la respuesta de emergencia y la economía en nuestra sede de Washington, D.C. La sesión fue diseñada para poner a prueba los enfoques de los EE.UU. a los desafíos de la salud mundial que podrían afectar a la seguridad nacional. Como especialistas en la planificación estratégica de la seguridad nacional, hemos asesorado a los funcionarios del gabinete de los EE.UU., miembros del Congreso, directores generales y otros líderes sobre cómo planificar las crisis antes de que ocurran, utilizando escenarios realistas pero ficticios como este.


Los expertos que convocamos analizaron cómo les iría a los estadounidenses y a la comunidad mundial, cómo la pandemia estresaría los recursos, las burocracias y las relaciones internacionales. Luego tuvimos participantes que retrocedieron hasta el día de hoy, recomendando cambios en nuestro camino actual que podrían ayudar a evitar o manejar los riesgos de una pandemia.

Lo que encontramos, en general, fue que el mundo ha cambiado de maneras que hacen mucho más difícil contener la enfermedad -y algunos de los errores que alimentan su propagación ya han ocurrido en el actual brote del mundo real. Sin embargo, todavía hay tiempo para pensar más cuidadosamente sobre cómo responder tanto a este brote como a los probables brotes futuros.

Elegimos una nueva cepa de coronavirus para nuestro escenario porque los científicos estuvieron de acuerdo en que este era un patógeno probable para una futura epidemia; los brotes recientes como el SARS y el MERS también fueron causados por la familia de los coronavirus. El futuro que describimos se basó en la investigación de expertos en la materia que han estudiado las epidemias recientes, incluyendo a nuestros colegas del programa de Seguridad de la Salud Global del Centro de Estudios Estratégicos e Internacionales e investigadores del Centro de Seguridad de la Salud de Johns Hopkins.

Los paralelismos entre nuestro ejercicio y el brote real de hoy no son exactos. Supusimos que un virus creado en el laboratorio de investigación fue liberado por primera vez en Europa (por accidente o intencionadamente - lo dejamos deliberadamente sin aclarar); el virus real del SARS-CoV-2 probablemente se originó en animales salvajes vendidos en un mercado de carne y fue detectado por primera vez en Wuhan, China. Pero otros aspectos son extremadamente similares: En nuestro escenario, el virus era altamente transmisible y tenía una tasa de letalidad del 3,125 por ciento. Hasta ahora, se desconoce la verdadera tasa del nuevo virus, pero según la Organización Mundial de la Salud, alrededor del 3,4 por ciento de los casos reportados de COVID-19 han muerto.

Entonces, ¿qué pasó, mientras se desarrollaba nuestro ejercicio, y qué necesitan saber los estadounidenses acerca de lo que podría suceder a continuación?


The coronavirus in our scenario spread much as today’s virus does, jumping between countries via international air travel, causing problems not only for their health systems, but for economies and political leaders.

The fictional outbreak rapidly spread from its primary case at Berlin Tegel Airport to a range of connecting international destinations. An infected individual first transmitted the virus as he transited the airport, then proceeded to John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York, traveling to several additional destinations in the New York area, where he continued to transmit the virus. In the three months since its first human-to-human transmission at Tegel Airport, our virus spread rapidly across Europe, North America, Northeast Asia and the Middle East.

Our scenario assumed governments would first turn to short-term measures to try to slow the spread, such as travel bans and border closures. These bans, we found, did little to slow the spread of the virus: By the time those decisions got made, it had already started to spread through international air corridors and further human-to-human transmission. Like the real-world COVID-19 we are battling now, our hypothetical disease was transmissible before carriers show serious symptoms, so authorities—as now—found themselves playing catch-up.

Our experts also projected that travel bans could have the unintended effect of worsening international cooperation and disrupting trade. They noted that travel bans are easy to enact, but difficult to repeal, creating lasting friction in the movement of people that is central to the U.S. services-led economy. In our scenario, we assumed that economic activity had slowed substantially, due to the direct effects on worker health and government efforts to prevent further spread of the virus. If anything, the real-world disruption has sometimes exceeded our expectations, especially in the case of the extraordinary quarantine measures imposed in China. In the U.S., we assumed that life as normal would be on pause, as individuals focused on their personal health and that of their families.

We also assumed that nations would begin turning to fiscal and monetary stimulus to calm markets and prop up growth—a response we’re already seeing in the real world, such as the extraordinary decision on March 3 by the Federal Reserve Bank to cut its benchmark interest rate by a half percentage point.

Our workshop presented experts with a world coming to terms with a pandemic three months after the initial outbreak. During that time, governments, bio-research communities and drug manufacturers had raced to develop treatments and a vaccine for this novel coronavirus, much as they are today. But, given the long lead time for research and then human subject testing, it would still take more than a year to come forward—exactly the amount of time U.S. health officials are now forecasting a vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 is likely to take.

We ended up with a handful of clear insights that we should heed in our current crisis, and to get ahead of the next one.

• One of our exercise’s most important insights is that early and preventative actions are critical. Establishing trust and cooperation domestically and internationally among governments, companies, workers and citizens is important before crisis strikes. There has been some progress on this in recent years: After the last crisis of the 2014-16 Ebola response, a range of investments were made and initiatives undertaken in the United States, within the World Health Organization, and elsewhere. In an era in which Congress seems unable to agree on anything, global health security has been a bright spot for bipartisanship—including $50 million allocated to the CDC Infectious Diseases Rapid Response Reserve Fund, the passage of the Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness and Advancing Innovation Act, and the continuation of the Global Health Security Agenda. It’s not enough according to public health experts, but it is a start.

• We also concluded that communication is vital—but a decline in trust makes it harder. Dramatic shifts in the world also raised new alarm bells for health security in our exercise. The first of these is the need for consistent messaging and trusted sources of information. A critical ingredient for addressing pandemics is public order and obedience to protocols, rationing, and other measures that might be needed. Today, public trust in institutions and leaders is fragile, with routine evidence of intentional disinformation by foreign actors and elected officials alike.

Misstatements about science are particularly damaging to the credibility of scientists and health officials seeking to guide policy. One need look no further than the anti-vaccination movement to see how disinformation can effectively impair public health goals. And the broad-scale use by state and nonstate actors alike of online disinformation to diminish public confidence in governments and institutions is especially dangerous in an already fragile crisis environment. Amid the hyperpartisanship of the current U.S. political environment in a presidential election year, coronavirus is a dangerously political issue.

International cooperation is also key. A virus knows no borders, as we have already seen with the real-world outbreak, and here a concerning change is heightened mistrust among countries. In the midst of trade tensions, increased meddling by one country in the internal politics of another and growing military tensions in hot spots around the globe, organizations such as the World Health Organization are increasingly caught in the middle, unable to play their intended neutral function. States compete with one another rather than cooperate, ignoring the inherently transnational nature of the threat as they try to minimize the downsides to their own populations, economies and ruling party. In our scenario, these international tensions inhibited information sharing, much as we initially saw from China with COVID-19. (Our scenario had an additional complication: Because it wasn’t clear who exactly was behind the disease outbreak, and whether it was accidental or intentional, the global environment was even more charged.)

• Our exercise also underscored that the private sector will be vital to managing the outbreak. There’s a good reason the president gathered pharmaceutical executives on Monday. The U.S. federal government is rightly at the center of the response to this likely pandemic, but it is the private sector that holds the bulk of the technological innovation to producing treatments and cures. One bit of good news on this front: There is already in place a highly effective public-private partnership structure in the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, which is making important contributions in the current race for a vaccine.

Una de las ideas más importantes de nuestro ejercicio es que las acciones tempranas y preventivas son críticas. El establecimiento de la confianza y la cooperación a nivel nacional e internacional entre los gobiernos, las empresas, los trabajadores y los ciudadanos es importante antes de que la crisis golpee. Ha habido algunos progresos en este sentido en los últimos años: Tras la última crisis de la respuesta al Ebola de 2014-16, se realizaron diversas inversiones e iniciativas en los Estados Unidos, en la Organización Mundial de la Salud y en otros lugares. En una época en la que el Congreso parece incapaz de ponerse de acuerdo en nada, la seguridad sanitaria mundial ha sido un punto brillante para el bipartidismo: se han asignado 50 millones de dólares al Fondo de Reserva para la Respuesta Rápida a las Enfermedades Infecciosas de los CDC, se ha aprobado la Ley de preparación e innovación para la pandemia y todo tipo de riesgos y se ha continuado con el Programa de Seguridad Sanitaria Mundial. No es suficiente según los expertos en salud pública, pero es un comienzo.

- También concluimos que la comunicación es vital, pero una disminución de la confianza lo hace más difícil. Los dramáticos cambios en el mundo también dieron nuevas alarmas para la seguridad de la salud en nuestro ejercicio. La primera de ellas es la necesidad de mensajes consistentes y fuentes de información confiables. Un ingrediente crítico para hacer frente a las pandemias es el orden público y la obediencia a los protocolos, el racionamiento y otras medidas que puedan ser necesarias. Hoy en día, la confianza del público en las instituciones y los líderes es frágil, con pruebas rutinarias de desinformación intencional por parte de actores extranjeros y funcionarios electos por igual.

Las declaraciones erróneas sobre la ciencia son particularmente perjudiciales para la credibilidad de los científicos y los funcionarios de salud que tratan de orientar la política. No hay que mirar más allá del movimiento contra la vacunación para ver cómo la desinformación puede perjudicar eficazmente los objetivos de salud pública. Y el uso a gran escala de la desinformación en línea, tanto por parte de agentes estatales como no estatales, para disminuir la confianza del público en los gobiernos e instituciones es especialmente peligroso en un entorno de crisis ya de por sí frágil. En medio del hiperpartidismo del actual entorno político de los Estados Unidos en un año de elecciones presidenciales, el coronavirus es una cuestión peligrosamente política.

- La cooperación internacional también es clave. Un virus no conoce fronteras, como ya hemos visto con el brote en el mundo real, y aquí un cambio preocupante es la creciente desconfianza entre los países. En medio de las tensiones comerciales, la creciente intromisión de un país en la política interna de otro y las crecientes tensiones militares en los puntos conflictivos de todo el mundo, organizaciones como la Organización Mundial de la Salud están cada vez más atrapadas en el medio, incapaces de desempeñar su pretendida función neutral. Los Estados compiten entre sí en lugar de cooperar, ignorando la naturaleza intrínsecamente transnacional de la amenaza mientras tratan de minimizar los inconvenientes para sus propias poblaciones, economías y partido gobernante. En nuestro escenario, estas tensiones internacionales inhibieron el intercambio de información, tal como vimos inicialmente en China con COVID-19. (Nuestro escenario tenía una complicación adicional: Porque no estaba claro quién estaba exactamente detrás del brote de la enfermedad, y si fue accidental o intencional, el ambiente global estaba aún más cargado).

- Nuestro ejercicio también subrayó que el sector privado será vital para manejar el brote. Hay una buena razón por la que el presidente reunió a los ejecutivos farmacéuticos el lunes. El gobierno federal de EE.UU. está en el centro de la respuesta a esta probable pandemia, pero es el sector privado el que tiene el grueso de la innovación tecnológica para producir tratamientos y curas. Una buena noticia en este frente: Ya existe una estructura de asociación público-privada muy eficaz en la Coalición para Innovaciones en la Preparación ante Epidemias, que está haciendo importantes contribuciones en la actual carrera por una vacuna.


The principal conclusion of our scenario was that leaders simply don’t take health seriously enough as a U.S. national security issue. Congress holds few hearings on the topic, especially in the defense committees, and the White House last year eliminated a top National Security Council position focused on the issue.

There’s also weakness at the global level: Though there are bodies dedicated to global coordination, especially the WHO, countries prioritize domestic considerations in times of crisis, and international coordination and collaboration become an afterthought. Even within the European Union, countries make their own independent decisions in responding to an epidemic. We already see rising frictions from border closures and travel bans to export restrictions related to medicine.

Ours was not the first pandemic scenario to raise serious questions about the strength of the global health system. The Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security has developed a particularly outstanding pandemic exercise, Clade X, a full video of which is available online.

These warnings have not been taken seriously enough. Overall, the U.S. government’s approach continues to suffer from a “cycle of crisis and complacency,” as the CSIS Commission on Strengthening America’s Health Security recently reported—meaning that leaders scramble to react to a headline epidemic, and then their attention drifts, hurting their ability to prevent the next one. Managing from crisis to crisis carries a staggering cost in lives and dollars.

In the real crisis unfolding now, tens if not hundreds of billions of dollars will be spent—but little of that money will address underlying issues that will set in when the complacency strikes again. Overall economic costs to the global economy will range in the trillions. It’s in America’s interest to spend money on greater pandemic preparedness, not just in the U.S., but globally.

The fact that the real-world outbreak happened in China may actually have been lucky: China is the world’s second-largest economy, with a relatively advanced scientific base and uniquely top-down system of governance that gives it unusual ability to control and monitor its enormous population. Despite significant missteps at the outset, China has come to deal aggressively with this outbreak. The next pandemic is far likelier to emerge from a country or region that is poor, weakly governed and with weak public health infrastructure.

The coronavirus scenario we crafted was one of three designed to investigate the vital but rapidly changing role for government at the intersection of security and emerging technology. The other two focused on Chinese military employment of artificial intelligence and a major state cyberattack and large-scale disinformation campaign aimed at the United States. Across all the threat streams we examined, early detection, public and international trust and information sharing, and harnessing innovation in the private sector were vital to effective risk reduction. Policy, health and our very survival are within our control. Scenarios and foresight work can be powerful tools to imagine a possible future. But we must do better. We must make policy that prevents and, where needed, prepares for those futures we do not want.

https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/03/07/coronavirus-epidemic-prediction-policy-advice-121172


We Predicted a Coronavirus Pandemic. Here’s What Policymakers Could Have Seen Coming.

March 9, 2020

The news of a highly contagious new virus jumping from China to the U.S. has caught many Americans by surprise. For us, the outbreak was more like déjà vu: Last October, we convened a group of experts to work through what would happen if a global pandemic suddenly hit the world’s population. The disease at the heart of our scenario was a novel and highly transmissible coronavirus.

For our fictional pandemic, we assembled about 20 experts in global health, the biosciences, national security, emergency response and economics at our Washington, D.C., headquarters. The session was designed to stress-test U.S. approaches to global health challenges that could affect national security. As specialists in national security strategic planning, we’ve advised U.S. Cabinet officials, members of Congress, CEOs and other leaders on how to plan for crises before they strike, using realistic but fictional scenarios like this one.

https://www.csis.org/analysis/we-predicted-coronavirus-pandemic-heres-what-policymakers-could-have-seen-coming


Read the full article on Politico

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https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2020/05/podiamos-haber-predicho-el-coronavirus.html

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