Analisis caso SudAfrica .Tulio de Oliveira

 

Analisis caso SudAfrica .Tulio de Oliveira

A thread on #Omicron sub-lineages BA.1, BA.1.1, BA.2, and BA.3. Here, we go back to original papers and highlight what we currently know about them in the geographic location where Omicron emerged and caused the first large wave of infections in the world.

 

 

https://t.co/NDiHEtwPRs

The increase of BA.1.1 & BA.2 is associated with a decrease in infections in SA. I would like to request that when countries present an increase of sub-lineages of #Omicron they present with total infections as this avoid panic and put the pandemic in perspective.

The BA.1, BA.2, and BA.3 were originally identified in southern Africa - the BA.2 and BA.3 share many not all of the characteristic mutations of BA.1/Omicron and both having many unique mutations of their own

 

At present BA.1.1 and BA.2 are growing in prevalence in many places in the world, in South Africa, it seems to be around 25% of the most recent samples (sampled on the week starting at 10 Jan-17 Jan).

 

 We are currently characterizing the biological characteristics of the sub-lineages BA.1.1 and BA.2. Luckily, we already have solid results on BA.1.1. neutralization as this was the virus outgrown by@sigallabin their recent Nature paper

Omicron extensively but incompletely escapes Pfizer BNT162b2 neutralization

The emergence of Omicron (Pango lineage B.1.1.529), first identified in Botswana and South Africa, may compromise vaccine effectiveness and lead to re-infections¹. We investigated whether Omicron escapes antibody neutralization in South Africans vaccinated with Pfizer BNT162b2. We also investigated if Omicron requires the ACE2 receptor to infect cells. We isolated and sequence confirmed live Omicron virus from an infected person in South Africa and compared plasma neutralization of Omicron relative to an ancestral SARS-CoV-2 strain, observing that Omicron still required ACE2 to infect. For neutralization, blood samples were taken soon after vaccination from participants who were vaccinated and previously infected or vaccinated with no evidence of previous infection. Neutralization of ancestral virus was much higher in infected and vaccinated versus vaccinated only participants but both groups showed a 22-fold escape from vaccine elicited neutralization by the Omicron variant. However, in the previously infected and vaccinated group, the level of residual neutralization of Omicron was similar to the level of neutralization of ancestral virus observed in the vaccination only group. These data support the notion that, provided high neutralization capacity is elicited by vaccination/boosting approaches, reasonable effectiveness against Omicron may be maintained.

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Affiliations

1. Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa

   Sandile Cele, Laurelle Jackson, Khadija Khan, Farina Karim, Mallory Bernstein, Yashica Ganga, Zesuliwe Jule, Kajal Reedoy, Shi-Hsia Hwa, Willem Hanekom, Kobus Herbst, Thandeka Khoza, Henrik Kløverpris, Alasdair Leslie, Mohlopheni Marakalala, Matilda Mazibuko, Ntombifuthi Mthabela, Zaza Ndhlovu, Thumbi Ndung’u, Nokuthula Ngcobo, Theresa Smit, Adrie Steyn, Emily Wong & Alex Sigal

2. School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa

   Sandile Cele, Khadija Khan, Daniel G. Amoako, Farina Karim & Alex Sigal

3. Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

   David S. Khoury, Deborah Cromer & Miles P. Davenport

4. National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa

   Thandeka Moyo-Gwete, Cathrine Scheepers, Daniel G. Amoako, Constantinos Kurt Wibmer, Carolyn Williamson, Anne von Gottberg, Jinal N. Bhiman & Penny L. Moore

5. SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

   Thandeka Moyo-Gwete, Cathrine Scheepers, Anne von Gottberg, Jinal N. Bhiman & Penny L. Moore

6. KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform, Durban, South Africa

   Houriiyah Tegally, James Emmanuel San, Jennifer Giandhari, Richard J. Lessells & Tulio de Oliveira

7. Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation, School of Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa

   Houriiyah Tegally & Tulio de Oliveira

8. Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa

   Gila Lustig, Derseree Archary, Salim S. Abdool Karim, Kogie Naidoo, Richard J. Lessells, Tulio de Oliveira & Penny L. Moore

9. Department of Medical Microbiology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa

   Derseree Archary

10. Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

    Muneerah Smith & Jonathan M. Blackburn

11. Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK

    Shi-Hsia Hwa, Willem Hanekom, Alasdair Leslie & Mohlopheni Marakalala

12. Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

    Jonathan M. Blackburn, Darren Martin, Carolyn Williamson & Penny L. Moore

13. Department of Infectious Diseases, Nelson R. Mandela School of Clinical Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa

    Bernadett I. Gosnell, Nithendra Manickchund & Mahomed-Yunus S. Moosa

14. Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States

    Salim S. Abdool Karim

15. Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA

    Tulio de Oliveira

16. Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany

    Thumbi Ndung’u & Alex Sigal

17. Center for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

    Mary-Ann Davies

18. University of Cape Town/Groote Schuur Complex of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

    Marvin Hsiao

19. Division of Computational Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

    Darren Martin

20. Medical Microbiology Department, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa

    Koleka Mlisana

21. National Health Laboratory Services (NHLS), Durban, South Africa

    Koleka Mlisana

22. Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

    Carolyn Williamson

23. Molecular Diagnostics Services, Durban, South Africa

    Denis York

24. Department of Neurosurgery, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa

    Rohen Harrichandparsad

25. South African Population Research Infrastructure Network, Durban, South Africa

    Kobus Herbst

26. Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa

    Prakash Jeena

27. Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Henrik Kløverpris

28. Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa

    Rajhmun Madansein

29. Department of Medicine, King Edward VIII Hospital and University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa

    Nombulelo Magula

30. College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa

    Mosa Moshabela

31. Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA

    Zaza Ndhlovu & Thumbi Ndung’u

32. HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa

    Thumbi Ndung’u

33. Department of Pulmonology and Critical Care, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa

    Kennedy Nyamande

34. Department of Neurology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa

    Vinod Patel

35. Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA

    Adrie Steyn & Emily Wong

Consortia

NGS-SA

• Mary-Ann Davies
• , Marvin Hsiao
• , Darren Martin
• , Koleka Mlisana
• , Constantinos Kurt Wibmer
• , Carolyn Williamson
•  & Denis York

COMMIT-KZN Team

• Rohen Harrichandparsad
• , Kobus Herbst
• , Prakash Jeena
• , Thandeka Khoza
• , Henrik Kløverpris
• , Alasdair Leslie
• , Rajhmun Madansein
• , Nombulelo Magula
• , Nithendra Manickchund
• , Mohlopheni Marakalala
• , Matilda Mazibuko
• , Mosa Moshabela
• , Ntombifuthi Mthabela
• , Kogie Naidoo
• , Zaza Ndhlovu
• , Thumbi Ndung’u
• , Nokuthula Ngcobo
• , Kennedy Nyamande
• , Vinod Patel
• , Theresa Smit
• , Adrie Steyn
•  & Emily Wong

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alex Sigal.

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Cele, S., Jackson, L., Khoury, D.S. et al. Omicron extensively but incompletely escapes Pfizer BNT162b2 neutralization. Nature (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04387-1

We are providing an unedited version of this manuscript to give early access to its findings. Before final publication, the manuscript will undergo further editing. Please note there may be errors present which affect the content, and all legal disclaimers apply.  

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There is of course a lot of work needed to better characterize BA.1.1, BA.2, and BA.3. We in South Africa, are alerted but not too concerned given the Omicron wave is decreasing fast here. Of course, we will keep advancing science and communicate as more results emerge.

https://twitter.com/Tuliodna/status/1486384952858058755 

Tulio de Oliveira

@Tuliodna

Director of CERI: Centre for Epidemic Response & innovation, South Africa

@StellenboschUni

@krisp_news

@UKZN

@DrPatSoonShi

@RockefellerFdn

 

-Omicron y la incertidumbre-Agencia Sinc.es  

·  https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/12/omicron-y-la-incertidumbre.html

·  https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/12/hkumed-descubre-que-omicron-sars-cov-2.html

COVID-19 Año 2: Qué sabemos sobre Omicron, la variante que está provocando millones de infecciones.

·       El Dr. JM Miró, del Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, ofrece 45 minutos de actualización sobre Omicron, la variante del SARS-CoV-2 que está provocando millones de infecciones en todo el mundo..

·       https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_FuPGY5d18

·       https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCvqwrga5-pwV9Dpm8Tj7Nww

 -Omicron :Resumen Grupo de Investigacion Cientifica en Salud y tecnologia 

·   Grupo de Investigacion Cientifica en Salud y tecnologia de Cochapamba, conformado por: investigadores, médicos especialistas, medicos generales, medicos residentes, estudiantes de medicina -Omicron ACTUALIZADO 22/12/21

·      https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/12/omicron-resumen-grupo-de-investigacion.html

 Las mutaciones del coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 

Marcos López Hoyos: “La COVID seguirá mutando a una variante menos agresiva que la convertirá en un catarro” 

          https://www.eldiario.es/cantabria/ultimas-noticias/marcos-lopez-hoyos-covid-seguira-mutando-variante-agresiva-convertira-catarro_1_8620679.html

 -Omicron / Repaso al tema mutaciones   

· https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/12/omicron-repaso-al-tema-mutaciones.html

https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2020/03/las-mutaciones-del-coronavirus-sars-cov.html

 -Coronavirus: qué se sabe de las mutaciones del virus del covid-19 (y cómo los científicos las están siguiendo en tiempo real)

·     https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-52635122?fbclid=IwAR2ASsg3HFW58BKumyIRz1lCHv40ITnUVKFh0Rb1QgSjGTlpltFDpjE5TVk

-Cómo son las mutaciones en los virus y qué sabemos en el caso del SARS-CoV-2

·        https://www.infobae.com/salud/ciencia/2021/01/09/como-son-las-mutaciones-en-los-virus-y-que-sabemos-en-el-caso-del-sars-cov-2/?fbclid=IwAR0bhu-R_0oCVPcPj5_qdzs37AXRSnetx_QhkXIoI7sKfEeW7W-H-1qMBE4

-Coronavirus: cómo mutan los virus y cómo prevén los científicos que puede evolucionar el covid-19

·       https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-51835136?fbclid=IwAR2zZ47iInPB5gQyfZExpLhFIXQc2HmurWL9aUwpvPWSmKZF96Ah_QvpxTQ

La evolución es impredecible.:Si el virus consigue por ejemplo replicar más rápido o generar más progenie prescindiendo de funciones supresoras de inmunidad celular, podría haber más patogenia y más dispersión al mismo tiempo.  

-El virus muta, obtiene ventaja y la naturaleza decide. Ella al azar ha decidido que Omicron es muy transmisible y menos virulento, por eso se extiende como la pólvora. 

 https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2021/12/mutaciones-virus.html

Coronavirus: qué se sabe de las mutaciones del virus del covid-19 (y cómo los científicos las están siguiendo en tiempo real)          

https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-52635122?fbclid=IwAR2ASsg3HFW58BKumyIRz1lCHv40ITnUVKFh0Rb1QgSjGTlpltFDpjE5TVk

Cómo son las mutaciones en los virus y qué sabemos en el caso del SARS-CoV-2

·          https://www.infobae.com/salud/ciencia/2021/01/09/como-son-las-mutaciones-en-los-virus-y-que-sabemos-en-el-caso-del-sars-cov-2/?fbclid=IwAR0bhu-R_0oCVPcPj5_qdzs37AXRSnetx_QhkXIoI7sKfEeW7W-H-1qMBE4

 Habrá otra variante

https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/el-pasaporte-covid-no-frena.html

La vigilancia genómica ha sido una excelente herramienta que ha ayudado a conocer como mutaba el virus.

https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/habra-otra-variante-esto-es-lo-que-el.html

Variantes, casuística

· https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/humans-2-omicron-1-etopol.html

·  https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/ihu-no-se-impuso-la-variante-delta-y.html

Variantes en estudio

·       https://www.europapress.es/internacional/noticia-hallan-variante-deltacron-chipre-combinacion-variantes-delta-omicron-20220108180901.html

·       https://twitter.com/hashtag/Flurona?src=hashtag_click

·       https://twitter.com/hashtag/Deltacron?src=hashtag_click

Estimated transmissibility and impact of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 in England

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abg3055

     La infección #Ómicron mejora la inmunidad neutralizante contra #Delta. Esto sugiere que Ómicron ayudará a expulsar a Delta, ya que debería disminuir la probabilidad de que alguien infectado con Omicron se vuelva a infectar con Delta  

·       https://www.niusdiario.es/ciencia-y-tecnologia/ciencia/buenas-noticias-omicron-motivos-optimismo-2022-vacunas-covid-fin-pandemia_18_3259471110.html

·   https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2021/12/mutaciones-virus.html

·   https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(21)01629-1?fbclid=IwAR1spjzXkY9-2wuvD-smPvUsrq0dumy1DcwfLPgdpTqycSbxVKFZFFn0RKk 

  https://www.niusdiario.es/ciencia-y-tecnologia/ciencia/buenas-noticias-omicron-motivos-optimismo-2022-vacunas-covid-fin-pandemia_18_3259471110.html 

      La infección #Ómicron mejora la inmunidad neutralizante contra #Delta. Esto sugiere que Ómicron ayudará a expulsar a Delta, ya que debería disminuir la probabilidad de que alguien infectado con Omicron se vuelva a infectar con Delta  

- HKUMed descubre que Omicron SARS-CoV-2 puede infectar más rápido y mejor que Delta en el bronquio humano pero con una infección menos grave en el pulmón/ Evidence for a mouse origin of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant-

·       https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/12/hkumed-descubre-que-omicron-sars-cov-2.html

Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 by children and young people in households and schools: A meta-analysis of population-based and contact-tracing studies

·       https://www.journalofinfection.com/article/S0163-4453(21)00633-2/fulltext

  "Un estudio del Imperial College de Londres concluye que la inmunidad natural generada después de la infección por ómicron roza el 19% frente al 85% que proporcionaba Delta"

https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/232698/omicron-largely-evades-immunity-from-past/

https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/omicron-se-transmite-con-mas-rapidez.html

-Asymptomatic transmission and high community burden of seasonal influenza in an urban and a rural community in South Africa, 2017–18 (PHIRST): a population cohort study

   https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(21)00141-8/fulltext  

 - La tercera ola y el gráfico de Victor Tseng 

    https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2022/01/la-tercera-ola-y-el-grafico-de-victor.html

    -Hacia el fin de la excepcionalidad

https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2022/01/hacia-el-fin-de-la-excepcionalidad.html

 Early assessment of the clinical severity of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in South Africa   

https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.21268116v1?fbclid=IwAR0HPDCG_7NOhYPVgZ9HDNOM6Eae1OgoGZLYL35snjumdoCPFF9wFxU7n5g

Severity of Omicron variant of concern and vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic disease: national cohort with nested test negative design study in Scotland

https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/severity-of-omicron-variant-of-concern-and-vaccine-effectiveness-?fbclid=IwAR0paframb60xzegrAQvLfWxm-w8FYsPt6rTfdFyZdEGewJytjGFEuL7I3M Re 

Resistence of functional memory B cells recognizing SARS-CoV-2 variants despite   loss of specific IgG

·https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(21)01629-1?fbclid=IwAR0bhu-R_0oCVPcPj5_qdzs37AXRSnetx_QhkXIoI7sKfEeW7W-H-1qMBE4

· https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(21)01629-

Maduración de la afinidad : las células B de memoria pueden modificar los Ac para adaptarse a las modificaciones de las variantes

https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(21)01629-1?fbclid=IwAR1spjzXkY9-2wuvD-smPvUsrq0dumy1DcwfLPgdpTqycSbxVKFZFFn0RKk 

 Targeting memory T cell metabolism to improve immunity

· https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/12/t-cell-receptors-tcrs.html

      https://www.jci.org/articles/view/148546?fbclid=IwAR2BMVZ2D_kKSg8Q8_ZXrf6yfZ2nXB8gmNvdWvwFXquA2rRRrVWxNETNJ-0

      https://www.jci.org/review_series/117?fbclid=IwAR0FdZ7Ep_9d9R_HDNnUnkBMiEHBZg7p0fzXFLx8k-yRs1G6JbOB8JoMpus

SARS-CoV-2 spike T cell responses induced upon vaccination or infection remain robust against Omicron

· https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/12/sars-cov-2-spike-t-cell-responses.html

Maduración de la afinidad : las células B de memoria pueden modificar los Ac para adaptarse a las modificaciones de las variantes

·   https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(21)01629-1

·   https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.27.21268278v1.full.pdf

·   https://secureservercdn.net/50.62.198.70/1mx.c5c.myftpupload.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/MEDRXIV-2021-268439v1-Sigal.pdf

The omicron (B.1.1.529) SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern does not readily infect Syrian hamsters

·   https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.24.474086v1

Firma de las células T CD8+ de memoria de larga duración en la infección aguda por SARS-CoV-2 e Interferon

·    https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/12/firma-de-las-celulas-t-cd8-de-memoria.html

·   https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/01/asi-funcionan-las-vacunas-de-arn.html

·   https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2020/12/de-hungria-un-futuro-nobel-retrato-de.html

Comparison of outcomes from COVID infection in pediatric and adult patients before and after the emergence of Omicron

·       https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.30.21268495v1

SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus co-infection

·       https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)31052-7/fulltext#.YdIgDLgZjYM.twitter

Ómicron infecta menos las células pulmonares

·       Al menos en modelos celulares y en hámsteres. Es verdad que no tenemos el dato en humanos, pero existen varios trabajos preliminares que sugieren que la variante ómicron se multiplica peor en células pulmonares, lo cual podría ser indicativo de su menor virulencia (aunque habría que comprobar qué ocurre en otros órganos). 

·     https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.24.474086v1

Early Remdesivir to Prevent Progression to Severe Covid-19 in Outpatients

·          https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2116846?s=09

Preclinical studies demonstrate sotrovimab retains activity against the full combination of mutations in the spike protein of the Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant

·        https://www.gsk.com/en-gb/media/press-releases/sotrovimab-retains-activity/

SARS-CoV-2 entry sites are present in all structural elements of the human glossopharyngeal and vagal nerves: clinical implications

·       https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.30.474580v1

Early assessment of the clinical severity of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in South Africa·       https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.21268116v1?fbclid=IwAR0HPDCG_7NOhYPVgZ9HDNOM6Eae1OgoGZLYL35snjumdoCPFF9wFxU7n5g

Severity of Omicron variant of concern and vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic disease: national cohort with nested test negative design study in Scotland  

·       https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/severity-of-omicron-variant-of-concern-and-vaccine-effectiveness-?fbclid=IwAR0paframb60xzegrAQvLfWxm-w8FYsPt6rTfdFyZdEGewJytjGFEuL7I3M

Persistence of functional memory B cells recognizing SARS-CoV-2 variants despite loss of specific IgG

·       https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(21)01629-1?fbclid=IwAR0bhu-R_0oCVPcPj5_qdzs37AXRSnetx_QhkXIoI7sKfEeW7W-H-1qMBE4

Maduración de la afinidad : las células B de memoria pueden modificar los Ac para adaptarse a las modificaciones de las variantes

·   https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(21)01629-1

·      https://secureservercdn.net/50.62.198.70/1mx.c5c.myftpupload.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/MEDRXIV-2021-268439v1-Sigal.pdf

·       El Paxlovid es un inhibidor de una de las proteasas del SARS-CoV-2, la denominada 3CL. El tratamiento se combina con otro inhibidor de las proteasas, el ritonavir, que ha sido empleado contra el VIH.  

·        https://theconversation.com/darle-al-virus-donde-mas-le-duele-los-dos-nuevos-antivirales-contra-sars-cov-2-172461

El anticuerpo monoclonal Sotrovimab, de la empresa GSK, también parece que es eficaz contra ómicron.  

·     https://www.gsk.com/en-gb/media/press-releases/sotrovimab-retains-activity/

El Remdesivir, un inhibidor de la ARN polimerasa viral, es otro antiviral que enpacientes no hospitalizados con síntomas covid-19 Hasta la fecha, la actividad antiviral de Remdesivir ha sido confirmada in vitro contra todas las otras variantes del SARS-CoV-2, incluyendo alfa, beta, gamma, delta y épsilon. 

·            https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2116846?s=09

Co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza A Virus in Patient with Pneumonia, China

·       https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/6/20-0299_article

The clinical characteristics of pneumonia patients co-infected with 2019 novel coronavirus and influenza virus in Wuhan, China 

       https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340074430_The_clinical_characteristics_of_pneumonia_patients_co-infected_with_2019_novel_coronavirus_and_influenza_virus_in_Wuhan_China

SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus co-infection 

·       https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)31052-7/fulltext

Estudio danés sobre transmisión de Ómicron en vacunados más q en no vacunados

·              https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.27.21268278v1

Análisis de Rafa Toledo

·      https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/12/omicron-repaso-al-tema-mutaciones.html

·       https://999plazaradio.valenciaplaza.com/omicron-coronavirus-vacunas-inmunizacion

·       https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2022/01/febrero-sera-clave-empezaran-liberarse.html

·     

Viral dynamics and duration of PCR positivity of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant

https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.13.22269257v1

https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.10.22269010v2.full.pdf

https://www.niusdiario.es/ciencia-y-tecnologia/ciencia/cientificos-indagan-futuro-omicron-causas-mas-contagioso_18_3270496435.html

Se inicia en ensayo clínico para analizar la eficacia y seguridad de una vacuna de Pfizer/BioNTech diseñada específicamente contra la variante ómicron del SARS-CoV-2 

• https://www.pfizer.com/news/press-release/press-release-detail/pfizer-and-biontech-initiate-study-evaluate-omicron-based

 Interferon

·       https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/06/interferon-resistance-of-emerging-sars.html

https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2022/01/omicron-e-interferon.html

Interferon y otros farmacos que se utilizan en el virus de la hepatitis C (fibrosis higado) - En estudio, relación interferon con coronavirus -Marzo 2020

https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2020/03/en-estudio-relacion-interferon-con.html?fbclid=IwAR0fyM0alNaW-foXoihakOskLHh1vUYQp3qzMlhxFHL4OThHVEclMV9fZ0k

 La combinación de tres antivirales ( interferón beta-1b más lopinavir-ritonavir y ribavirina) se muestra prometedora para tratar la Covid-19 -Mayo 2020

https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2020/05/la-combinacion-de-tres-antivirales.html?fbclid=IwAR1QjAGi8TqRZa3aUCguAKGHdlboiBR0DliffNbzFbd9Gxd1q2zXiIt2MX0

Resistencia al interferón de las variantes emergentes del SARS-CoV-2 -Junio 2021

https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/06/interferon-resistance-of-emerging-sars.html?fbclid=IwAR3VasVhLWxqUXCwMY3pClBNgMTKsGjTXZtMqAJEUVGvdJpwKrVpHSBd4v0

Hepa C -Interferon y relación con fibrosis pulmonar

https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2020/03/murcielagos-vs-interferon-medicacion.html

https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2020/03/en-estudio-relacion-interferon-con.html

https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2020/05/fibrosis-pulmonar-y-covid.html

https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/06/interferon-resistance-of-emerging-sars.html

https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/09/los-farmacos-contra-el-virus-de-la.html

Antivirales

https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2020/05/la-combinacion-de-tres-antivirales.html

https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/09/el-remdesivir-reduce-un-87-el-riesgo-de.html

Otros enlaces anteriores

https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2020/03/bioestadistica-econometria-graficas.html

https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2015/01/hepatitis-c-raymond-schinazzifarmacos.html

Vacunas

Vacunados versus no vacunados-Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)

https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2022/01/vacunados-versus-no-vacunados-morbidity.html

 https://www.vozpopuli.com/espana/incidencia-hospitales-covid-gripe.html?fbclid=IwAR2dBXqpOYGeftiPGs53nf2EXfSW62VdrhJfOZ27Nqjd6Hihl4-mWMdykow

Eficacia Vacunas 

·       https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/las-vacunas-inmunizan.html

  https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/07/el-concepto-de-eficacia-en-las-vacunas.html

·Vacunados/No vacunados

·       https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2021/12/vacunados-no-vacunados-ny-mayo.html

Las vacunas inmunizan es un hecho incuestionable.

·          https://twitter.com/alfwarrior/status/1403313688623435782

·      https://twitter.com/alfwarrior/status/1476452714997506050

·      https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/las-vacunas-inmunizan.html 

    https://twitter.com/RanIsraeli/status/1483545718359048197

·       https://www.uppers.es/salud-bienestar/noticias-salud/gripalizar-covid-medicos-divididos-riesgos-red-centinela-sanitaria_18_3265772121.html

 Inmunidad

·       https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/07/drosten-y-la-inmunidad-de-grupo.html

·       https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/09/inmunologia-basica-o-como-nos.html

·     https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/12/firma-de-las-celulas-t-cd8-de-memoria.html

·       https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/12/sars-cov-2-spike-t-cell-responses.html

 

Darle al virus donde más le duele: los dos nuevos antivirales contra SARS-CoV-2

·       https://microbioblog.es/darle-al-virus-donde-mas-le-duele-los-dos-nuevos-antivirales-contra-sars-cov-2   

·       https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/12/epidemiologia-y-dinamica-de-transmision.html 

·        https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2022/01/enlaces-coronavirusmutaciones.html

·        https://www.eldiario.es/sociedad/ocho-meses-vacunado-puedes-no-anticuerpos-si-producirlos-celulas_128_8634187.html

·        https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/12/inmunidad-de-grupo-agutierrez.html

 El débil ataque de Omicron a los pulmones podría hacerlo menos peligroso.

Omicron’s feeble attack on the lungs could make it less dangerous

·       Mounting evidence from animal studies suggests that Omicron does not multiply readily in lung tissue, which can be badly damaged in people infected with other variants.

·        https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-00007-8

·The novel coronavirus originating in Wuhan, China: challenges for global health governance.

·       View in Article

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) situation report—100.

·       https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200429-sitrep-100-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=bbfbf3d1_6

La evolución de las vacunas: de Edward Jenner a Katalin Karikó

https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/ciencia/apuntes-cientificos/jenner-katalin-kariko-vacunas/?utm_source=materia&utm_medium=facebook&tipo=elabora&cid=soc:afl:fb:----materia:--:::::::sitlnk:materia:&fbclid=IwAR1bLCBt_q0lpFSFjfjM-OOuYPk2Oe7keJYkv_EZ-zOcfyhOZDJZuYZLNes

En este documental de Eduard Punset se explica como se conocía la peligrosidad de los coronavirus SARS y como en cualquier momento podría aparecer un virus como el que padecemos actualmente.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7PHTix2AFEg

Redes

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xz_M-TRJGgk

El retorno de las epidemias

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a3-mIeOJnbU

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7PHTix2AFEg&feature=share&fbclid=IwAR0bIs_YgzI415THkiHw83DRSLOC39dJKQc5eMv8UOTkOGLObL0EHOETCKo

Bioquimica

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DDXY1ig1v68

 La tendencia general

https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/la-tendencia-general-lopez-acunala.html

Ver gráficos análisis Sudáfrica y otros países (11-2021 y 12-2021)

 https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/vacunacion-o-restriccionesel-debate.html

  https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2021/12/catalunya-toque-de-queda-se-han.html

 https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2021/12/senales-mixtas-ante-senales-mixtas-hay.html

 https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/analizando-sudafrica-y-ahora-uk-verian.html

 Visión estática de la pandemia

https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/vision-estatica-de-la-pandemia-y-seguir.html

La tendencia general…

https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/la-tendencia-general-lopez-acunala.html

Covid-19 en España durante 2021

Boscá, J. E., J. Cano y J. Ferri (2022). “Covid-19 en España durante 2021.” FEDEA, Documento de Trabajo no. 2022-01. Madrid.

 https://policy.fedea.net/covid-19-en-espana-durante-2021/

https://es.scribd.com/document/554801455/covid#download&from_embed

https://documentos.fedea.net/pubs/dt/2022/dt2022-01.pdf?utm_source=wordpress&utm_medium=portada&utm_campaign=estudio

https://bit.ly/3rGVY2k

  Resumen pandemia 13-1-2022

·  https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/rsumen-de-la-pandemia-13-enero-2022.html

  Enlaces anteriores 9-1-2022

  https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2022/01/enlaces-coronavirusmutaciones.html

 https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2022/01/ii-enlaces-fuentes-sobre-el-virus.html