La inmunidad adquirida vía vacuna o vía infección, protege.La línea descontrolada corresponde a no vacunados.
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)
Vaccinated versus unvaccinated. The risk of hospitalization is lowest in the group that was not vaccinated, but previously infected.
La línea azul lo que viene a decir es que tienes más riesgo de hospitalización si eres no vacunado y no has pasado la COVID. Claro, si la has pasado, se reduce el riesgo. Si estás vacunado, aún más.
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7104e1.htm#F1_down
¿Qué se sabe ya sobre este tema?
Los datos son limitados en cuanto a los riesgos de infección por SARS-CoV-2 y de hospitalización después de la vacunación con COVID-19 y de una infección previa.
¿Qué añade este informe?
Durante el periodo de mayo a noviembre de 2021, las tasas de casos y hospitalización fueron más elevadas entre las personas no vacunadas y sin diagnóstico previo. Antes de que Delta se convirtiera en la variante predominante en junio, las tasas de casos fueron más altas entre las personas que sobrevivieron a una infección previa que las personas que se vacunaron solas. A principios de octubre, las personas que sobrevivieron a una infección previa tenían tasas de casos más bajas que las personas que se vacunaron solas.
What are the implications for public health practice?
Aunque la epidemiología del COVID-19 podría cambiar a medida que surjan nuevas variantes, la vacunación sigue siendo la estrategia más segura para evitar futuras infecciones por SARS-CoV-2, hospitalizaciones, secuelas a largo plazo y muertes. Se recomienda la vacunación primaria, las dosis adicionales y las dosis de refuerzo para todas las personas que cumplan los requisitos. Es posible que en el futuro se recomienden más dosis de vacunas a medida que cambien el virus y los niveles de inmunidad.
By November 30, 2021, approximately 130,781 COVID-19–associated deaths, one in six of all U.S. deaths from COVID-19, had occurred in California and New York.* COVID-19 vaccination protects against infection with SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19), associated severe illness, and death (1,2); among those who survive, previous SARS-CoV-2 infection also confers protection against severe outcomes in the event of reinfection (3,4). The relative magnitude and duration of infection- and vaccine-derived protection, alone and together, can guide public health planning and epidemic forecasting. To examine the impact of primary COVID-19 vaccination and previous SARS-CoV-2 infection on COVID-19 incidence and hospitalization rates, statewide testing, surveillance, and COVID-19 immunization data from California and New York (which account for 18% of the U.S. population) were analyzed. Four cohorts of adults aged ≥18 years were considered: persons who were 1) unvaccinated with no previous laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis, 2) vaccinated (14 days after completion of a primary COVID-19 vaccination series) with no previous COVID-19 diagnosis, 3) unvaccinated with a previous COVID-19 diagnosis, and 4) vaccinated with a previous COVID-19 diagnosis. Age-adjusted hazard rates of incident laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases in both states were compared among cohorts, and in California, hospitalizations during May 30–November 20, 2021, were also compared. During the study period, COVID-19 incidence in both states was highest among unvaccinated persons without a previous COVID-19 diagnosis compared with that among the other three groups. During the week beginning May 30, 2021, compared with COVID-19 case rates among unvaccinated persons without a previous COVID-19 diagnosis, COVID-19 case rates were 19.9-fold (California) and 18.4-fold (New York) lower among vaccinated persons without a previous diagnosis; 7.2-fold (California) and 9.9-fold lower (New York) among unvaccinated persons with a previous COVID-19 diagnosis; and 9.6-fold (California) and 8.5-fold lower (New York) among vaccinated persons with a previous COVID-19 diagnosis. During the same period, compared with hospitalization rates among unvaccinated persons without a previous COVID-19 diagnosis, hospitalization rates in California followed a similar pattern. These relationships changed after the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant became predominant (i.e., accounted for >50% of sequenced isolates) in late June and July. By the week beginning October 3, compared with COVID-19 cases rates among unvaccinated persons without a previous COVID-19 diagnosis, case rates among vaccinated persons without a previous COVID-19 diagnosis were 6.2-fold (California) and 4.5-fold (New York) lower; rates were substantially lower among both groups with previous COVID-19 diagnoses, including 29.0-fold (California) and 14.7-fold lower (New York) among unvaccinated persons with a previous diagnosis, and 32.5-fold (California) and 19.8-fold lower (New York) among vaccinated persons with a previous diagnosis of COVID-19. During the same period, compared with hospitalization rates among unvaccinated persons without a previous COVID-19 diagnosis, hospitalization rates in California followed a similar pattern. These results demonstrate that vaccination protects against COVID-19 and related hospitalization, and that surviving a previous infection protects against a reinfection and related hospitalization. Importantly, infection-derived protection was higher after the Delta variant became predominant, a time when vaccine-induced immunity for many persons declined because of immune evasion and immunologic waning (2,5,6). Similar cohort data accounting for booster doses needs to be assessed, as new variants, including Omicron, circulate. Although the epidemiology of COVID-19 might change with the emergence of new variants, vaccination remains the safest strategy to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infections and associated complications; all eligible persons should be up to date with COVID-19 vaccination. Additional recommendations for vaccine doses might be warranted in the future as the virus and immunity levels change.
Four cohorts of persons aged ≥18 years were assembled via linkages of records from electronic laboratory reporting databases and state-specific immunization information systems.† Persons were classified based on whether they had had a laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection by March 1, 2021 (i.e., previous COVID-19 diagnosis)§; had received at least the primary COVID-19 vaccination series¶ by May 16, 2021; had a previous COVID-19 diagnosis and were fully vaccinated**; or had neither received a previous COVID-19 diagnosis by March 1 nor received a first COVID-19 vaccine dose by the end of the analysis period. The size of the unvaccinated group without a previous diagnosis was derived by subtracting the observed groups from U.S. Census estimates.†† To maintain each defined cohort, persons who received a COVID-19 diagnosis during March 1–May 30, 2021, or who died before May 30, 2021, were excluded (to maintain eligibility for incident cases for all cohorts on May 30, 2021),§§ as were persons who received a first vaccine dose during May 30–November 20, 2021. During May 30–November 20, 2021, incident cases were defined using a positive nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) result from the California COVID-19 Reporting System (CCRS) or a positive NAAT or antigen test result from the New York Electronic Clinical Laboratory Reporting System. In California, person-level hospitalization data from CCRS and supplementary hospitalization reports were used to identify COVID-19–associated hospitalizations. A lifetable method was used to calculate hazard rates (average daily cases during a 7-day interval or hospitalizations over a 14-day interval), hazard ratios, and 95% CIs for each cohort. Rates were age-adjusted to 2000 U.S. Census data using direct standardization.¶¶ Supplementary analyses stratified case rates by timing of previous diagnoses and primary series vaccine product. SAS (version 9.4; SAS Institute) and R (version 4.0.4; The R Foundation) were used to conduct all analyses. Institutional review boards (IRBs) in both states determined this surveillance activity to be necessary for public health work, and therefore, it did not require IRB review.
Approximately three quarters of adults from California (71.2%) and New York (72.2%) included in this analysis were vaccinated and did not have a previous COVID-19 diagnosis; however, 18.0% of California residents and 18.4% of New York residents were unvaccinated with no previous COVID-19 diagnosis (Table 1). In both states, 4.5% of persons were vaccinated and had a previous COVID-19 diagnosis; 6.3% in California and 4.9% in New York were unvaccinated with a previous diagnosis. Among 1,108,600 incident COVID-19 cases in these cohorts (752,781 in California and 355,819 in New York), the median intervals from vaccination or previous COVID-19 diagnosis to incident diagnosis were slightly shorter in California (138–150 days) than in New York (162–171 days).
Before the Delta variant became predominant in each state’s U.S. Department of Health and Human Services region (June 26 in Region 9 [California] and July 3 in Region 2 [New York]),*** the highest incidence was among unvaccinated persons without a previous COVID-19 diagnosis; during this time, case rates were relatively low among the three groups with either previous infection or vaccination and were lowest among vaccinated persons without a previous COVID-19 diagnosis (Supplementary Figure 1, https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/113253) (Supplementary Figure 2, https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/113253). During the week beginning May 30, 2021, compared with COVID-19 case rates among unvaccinated persons without a previous COVID-19 diagnosis, COVID-19 case rates were 19.9-fold (California) and 18.4-fold (New York) lower among vaccinated persons without a previous diagnosis; rates were 7.2-fold (California) and 9.9-fold (New York) lower among unvaccinated persons with a previous COVID-19 diagnosis and 9.6-fold (California) and 8.5-fold (New York) lower among vaccinated persons with a previous COVID-19 diagnosis (Table 2).
As the Delta variant prevalence increased to >95% (97% in Region 9 and 98% in Region 2 on August 1), rates increased more rapidly among the vaccinated group with no previous COVID-19 diagnosis than among both the vaccinated and unvaccinated groups with a previous COVID-19 diagnosis (Supplementary Figure 1, https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/113253) (Supplementary Figure 2, https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/113253). For example, during the week of October 3, compared with rates among unvaccinated persons without a previous COVID-19 diagnosis, rates among vaccinated persons without a previous diagnosis were 6.2-fold lower (95% CI = 6.0–6.4) in California and 4.5-fold lower (95% CI = 4.3–4.7) in New York (Table 2). Further, rates among unvaccinated persons with a previous COVID-19 diagnosis were 29-fold lower (95% CI = 25.0–33.1) than rates among unvaccinated persons without a previous COVID-19 diagnosis in California and 14.7-fold lower (95% CI = 12.6–16.9) in New York. Rates among vaccinated persons who had had COVID-19 were 32.5-fold lower (95% CI = 27.5–37.6) than rates among unvaccinated persons without a previous COVID-19 diagnosis in California and 19.8-fold lower (95% CI = 16.2–23.5) in New York. Rates among vaccinated persons without a previous COVID-19 diagnosis were consistently higher than rates among unvaccinated persons with a history of COVID-19 (3.1-fold higher [95% CI = 2.6–3.7] in California and 1.9-fold higher [95% CI = 1.5–2.3] in New York) and rates among vaccinated persons with a history of COVID-19 (3.6-fold higher [95% CI = 2.9–4.3] in California and 2.8-fold higher [95% CI = 2.1–3.4] in New York).
COVID-19 hospitalization rates in California were always highest among unvaccinated persons without a previous COVID-19 diagnosis (Table 2) (Figure). In the pre-Delta period during June 13–June 26, for example, compared with hospitalization rates among unvaccinated persons without a previous COVID-19 diagnosis, hospitalization rates were 27.7-fold lower (95% CI = 22.4–33.0) among vaccinated persons without a previous COVID-19 diagnosis, 6.0-fold lower (95% CI = 3.3–8.7) among unvaccinated persons with a previous COVID-19 diagnosis, and 7.1-fold lower (95% CI = 4.0–10.3) among vaccinated persons with a previous COVID-19 diagnosis. However, this pattern also shifted as the Delta variant became predominant. During October 3–16, compared with hospitalization rates among unvaccinated persons without a previous COVID-19 diagnosis, hospitalization rates were 19.8-fold lower (95% CI = 18.2–21.4) among vaccinated persons without a previous COVID-19 diagnosis, 55.3-fold lower (95% CI = 27.3–83.3) among unvaccinated persons with a previous COVID-19 diagnosis, and 57.5-fold lower (95% CI = 29.2–85.8) among vaccinated persons with a previous COVID-19 diagnosis.
Among the two cohorts with a previous COVID-19 diagnosis, no consistent incidence gradient by time since the previous diagnosis was observed (Supplementary Figure 3, https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/113253). When the vaccinated cohorts were stratified by the vaccine product received, among vaccinated persons without a previous COVID-19 diagnosis, the highest incidences were observed among persons receiving the Janssen (Johnson & Johnson), followed by Pfizer-BioNTech, then Moderna vaccines (Supplementary Figure 4, https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/113253). No pattern by product was observed among vaccinated persons with a previous COVID-19 diagnosis.
Discussion
La comprensión y la epidemiología del COVID-19 han cambiado sustancialmente a lo largo del tiempo con la aparición y la circulación de nuevas variantes del SRAS-CoV-2, la introducción de vacunas y los cambios en la inmunidad resultantes. Al igual que en el periodo inicial de este estudio, dos estudios anteriores en EE.UU. encontraron más protección por la vacunación que por la infección previa durante los periodos anteriores al predominio del Delta (3,7). Como se observó en el presente estudio después de julio, estudios internacionales recientes también han demostrado una mayor protección en personas con infección previa, con o sin vacunación, en relación con la vacunación sola†††, §§§ (4). Esto podría deberse a la estimulación diferencial de la respuesta inmunitaria por cualquiera de los dos tipos de exposición.Mientras que los estudios poblacionales franceses e israelíes observaron una protección decreciente de la infección previa, esto no fue aparente en los resultados de este u otros grandes estudios del Reino Unido y Estados Unidos**** (4,8). Se necesitan más estudios para establecer la duración de la protección frente a la infección previa según el tipo de variante, la gravedad y la sintomatología, incluso para la variante Omicron.
Los resultados de este informe están sujetos a al menos siete limitaciones. En primer lugar, los análisis no se estratificaron por el tiempo transcurrido desde la recepción de la vacuna, sino sólo por el tiempo transcurrido desde el diagnóstico previo, aunque estudios anteriores han examinado la disminución de la inmunidad inducida por la vacuna (Figura suplementaria 3, https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/113253) (2). En segundo lugar, las personas con infección no diagnosticada se clasifican erróneamente como sin diagnóstico previo de COVID-19; sin embargo, esta clasificación errónea probablemente da lugar a un sesgo conservador (es decir, la magnitud de la diferencia en las tasas sería incluso mayor si las personas mal clasificadas no se incluyeran entre las personas no vacunadas sin diagnóstico previo de COVID-19). Los datos de seroprevalencia de California durante este periodo indican que la relación entre las infecciones reales (presuntas) y los casos diagnosticados entre los adultos fue de 2,6 (IC del 95% = 2,2-2,9).†††† Además, California sólo incluyó los resultados de la NAAT, mientras que Nueva York incluyó tanto los resultados de la NAAT como los de las pruebas de antígeno. Sin embargo, las pruebas de antígenos representaron un porcentaje menor del volumen total de pruebas notificadas en California (7% de los casos) en comparación con Nueva York (25% de los casos) durante el periodo de estudio. Ninguno de los dos estados incluyó las autopruebas, que no son fáciles de notificar a la sanidad pública. Los cocientes de riesgo específicos de cada estado fueron generalmente comparables, aunque las diferencias en las tasas entre las personas no vacunadas con un diagnóstico previo de COVID-19 fueron notables.
La vacunación protegió contra la COVID-19 y la hospitalización relacionada, y sobrevivir a una infección previa protegió contra una reinfección y la hospitalización relacionada durante los períodos de transmisión predominante de las variantes Alfa y Delta, antes de la aparición de Omicron; las pruebas sugieren una menor protección de la inmunidad inducida por la vacuna y la infección contra las infecciones de Omicron, aunque se espera una protección adicional con la recepción generalizada de dosis de refuerzo de la vacuna COVID-19. La infección inicial entre personas no vacunadas aumenta el riesgo de enfermedad grave, hospitalización, secuelas a largo plazo y muerte; hasta el 30 de noviembre de 2021, aproximadamente 130.781 residentes de California y Nueva York habían muerto a causa de COVID-19. Por lo tanto, la vacunación sigue siendo la estrategia más segura y principal para prevenir las infecciones por SARS-CoV-2, las complicaciones asociadas y la transmisión posterior. El Comité Asesor sobre Prácticas de Inmunización de los CDC recomienda la vacunación primaria contra el COVID-19, las dosis adicionales y las dosis de refuerzo para garantizar que todas las personas que reúnen los requisitos estén al día con la vacunación contra el COVID-19, que proporciona la protección más sólida contra la infección inicial, la enfermedad grave, la hospitalización, las secuelas a largo plazo y la muerte.
Vaccination protected against COVID-19 and related hospitalization, and surviving a previous infection protected against a reinfection and related hospitalization during periods of predominantly Alpha and Delta variant transmission, before the emergence of Omicron; evidence suggests decreased protection from both vaccine- and infection-induced immunity against Omicron infections, although additional protection with widespread receipt of booster COVID-19 vaccine doses is expected. Initial infection among unvaccinated persons increases risk for serious illness, hospitalization, long-term sequelae, and death; by November 30, 2021, approximately 130,781 residents of California and New York had died from COVID-19. Thus, vaccination remains the safest and primary strategy to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infections, associated complications, and onward transmission. Primary COVID-19 vaccination, additional doses, and booster doses are recommended by CDC’s Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices to ensure that all eligible persons are up to date with COVID-19 vaccination, which provides the most robust protection against initial infection, severe illness, hospitalization, long-term sequelae, and death.***** Additional recommendations for vaccine doses might be warranted in the future as the virus and immunity levels change.
Acknowledgments
Dana Jaffe, California Department of Public Health; Rebecca Hoen, Meng Wu, New York State Department of Health; Citywide Immunization Registry Program, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene.
Corresponding author: Tomás M. León, tomas.leon@cdph.ca.gov.
1California Department of Public Health; 2New York State Department of Health; 3University at Albany School of Public Health, SUNY, Rensselaer, New York; 4CDC.
All authors have completed and submitted the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors form for disclosure of potential conflicts of interest. No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.
* https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#cases_deathsper100klast7days
† Statewide immunization databases in California are the California Immunization Registry, Regional Immunization Data Exchange, and San Diego Immunization Registry; the laboratory system is the California COVID Reporting System (CCRS). In New York, immunization information systems include Citywide Immunization Registry and the New York State Immunization Information System; the laboratory system is the Electronic Clinical Laboratory Reporting System (ECLRS). California data were matched between the immunization and case registries using a probabilistic algorithm with exact match for zip code and date of birth and fuzzy match on first name and last name. New York data were matched to the ECLRS with the use of a deterministic algorithm based on first name, last name, and date of birth. In California, person-level hospitalization data from CCRS and supplementary hospitalization reports were used to identify COVID-19–associated hospitalizations.
§ For both classification into cohorts of persons with previous COVID-19 diagnoses and for measuring incident cases, laboratory-confirmed infection was defined as the receipt of a new positive SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) or antigen test (both for New York and NAAT only for California) result, but not within 90 days of a previous positive result.
¶ Fully vaccinated with the primary vaccination series is defined as receipt of a second dose of an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine (Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna) or 1 dose of the Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) vaccine ≥14 days before May 30, 2021.
** Because of the timing of full vaccination, the cohort definitions, and analysis timeframe, this cohort consisted nearly exclusively of persons who had previously received a laboratory-confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 and later were fully vaccinated (California: 99.9%, New York: 99.7%), as opposed to the reverse order.
†† Whereas vaccinated cohorts were directly observed in the immunization information system databases, unvaccinated persons without a previous COVID-19 diagnosis were defined using U.S. Census population estimates minus the number of persons partially or fully vaccinated by December 11, 2021, and unvaccinated persons with a previous laboratory-confirmed infection before May 30, 2021. In California, the California Department of Finance population estimates were used for 2020, and the 2018 CDC National Center for Health Statistics Bridged Race file for U.S. Census population estimates were used in New York, consistent with other COVID-19 surveillance reporting.
§§ In California, a person-level match was performed to exclude deaths in each cohort before May 30, 2021. In New York, COVID-19 deaths were removed in aggregate from the starting number of unvaccinated persons with a previous COVID-19 diagnosis on May 30, 2021.
¶¶ https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/statnt/statnt20.pdfpdf icon
*** https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#variant-proportions
††† https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.12.21263461v1external icon
§§§ https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.21267006v1external icon
**** https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.04.21267114v1external icon
†††† https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.09.21267565v1external icon
§§§§ https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#rates-by-vaccine-status
¶¶¶¶ https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.30.21268565v1external icon; https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.07.22268919v1external icon
***** https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/clinical-considerations/covid-19-vaccines-us.html
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"Inmunizado vs No Inmunizado" VS "Vacunado vs No Vacunado",
VACUNADOS o inmunizados por infección previa sufren menos hospitalizaciones
-Omicron y la incertidumbre-Agencia Sinc.es
· https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/12/omicron-y-la-incertidumbre.html
· https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/12/hkumed-descubre-que-omicron-sars-cov-2.html
COVID-19 Año 2: Qué sabemos sobre Omicron, la variante que está provocando millones de infecciones.
· El Dr. JM Miró, del Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, ofrece 45 minutos de actualización sobre Omicron, la variante del SARS-CoV-2 que está provocando millones de infecciones en todo el mundo..
· https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_FuPGY5d18
· https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCvqwrga5-pwV9Dpm8Tj7Nww
-Omicron :Resumen Grupo de Investigacion Cientifica en Salud y tecnologia
· Grupo de Investigacion Cientifica en Salud y tecnologia de Cochapamba, conformado por: investigadores, médicos especialistas, medicos generales, medicos residentes, estudiantes de medicina -Omicron ACTUALIZADO 22/12/21
· https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/12/omicron-resumen-grupo-de-investigacion.html
Las mutaciones del coronavirus SARS-CoV-2
Marcos López Hoyos: “La COVID seguirá mutando a una variante menos agresiva que la convertirá en un catarro”
-Omicron / Repaso al tema mutaciones
· https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/12/omicron-repaso-al-tema-mutaciones.html
https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2020/03/las-mutaciones-del-coronavirus-sars-cov.html
-Coronavirus: qué se sabe de las mutaciones del virus del covid-19 (y cómo los científicos las están siguiendo en tiempo real)
-Cómo son las mutaciones en los virus y qué sabemos en el caso del SARS-CoV-2
-Coronavirus: cómo mutan los virus y cómo prevén los científicos que puede evolucionar el covid-19
https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2021/12/mutaciones-virus.html
Coronavirus: qué se sabe de las mutaciones del virus del covid-19 (y cómo los científicos las están siguiendo en tiempo real)
Cómo son las mutaciones en los virus y qué sabemos en el caso del SARS-CoV-2
Habra otra variante
https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/el-pasaporte-covid-no-frena.html
La vigilancia genómica ha sido una excelente herramienta que ha ayudado a conocer como mutaba el virus.
Estimated transmissibility and impact of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 in England
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abg3055
La infección #Ómicron mejora la inmunidad neutralizante contra #Delta. Esto sugiere que Ómicron ayudará a expulsar a Delta, ya que debería disminuir la probabilidad de que alguien infectado con Omicron se vuelva a infectar con Delta
· https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2021/12/mutaciones-virus.html
La infección #Ómicron mejora la inmunidad neutralizante contra #Delta. Esto sugiere que Ómicron ayudará a expulsar a Delta, ya que debería disminuir la probabilidad de que alguien infectado con Omicron se vuelva a infectar con Delta
- HKUMed descubre que Omicron SARS-CoV-2 puede infectar más rápido y mejor que Delta en el bronquio humano pero con una infección menos grave en el pulmón/ Evidence for a mouse origin of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant-
· https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/12/hkumed-descubre-que-omicron-sars-cov-2.html
Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 by children and young people in households and schools: A meta-analysis of population-based and contact-tracing studies
· https://www.journalofinfection.com/article/S0163-4453(21)00633-2/fulltext
"Un estudio del Imperial College de Londres concluye que la inmunidad natural generada después de la infección por ómicron roza el 19% frente al 85% que proporcionaba Delta"
https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/232698/omicron-largely-evades-immunity-from-past/
-Asymptomatic transmission and high community burden of seasonal influenza in an urban and a rural community in South Africa, 2017–18 (PHIRST): a population cohort study
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(21)00141-8/fulltext
- La tercera ola y el gráfico de Victor Tseng
https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2022/01/la-tercera-ola-y-el-grafico-de-victor.html
-Hacia el fin de la excepcionalidad
https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2022/01/hacia-el-fin-de-la-excepcionalidad.html
Early assessment of the clinical severity of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in South Africa
Severity of Omicron variant of concern and vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic disease: national cohort with nested test negative design study in Scotland
Resistence of functional memory B cells recognizing SARS-CoV-2 variants despite loss of specific IgG
· https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(21)01629-
Maduración de la afinidad : las células B de memoria pueden modificar los Ac para adaptarse a las modificaciones de las variantes
Targeting memory T cell metabolism to improve immunity
· https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/12/t-cell-receptors-tcrs.html
SARS-CoV-2 spike T cell responses induced upon vaccination or infection remain robust against Omicron
· https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/12/sars-cov-2-spike-t-cell-responses.html
Maduración de la afinidad : las células B de memoria pueden modificar los Ac para adaptarse a las modificaciones de las variantes
· https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(21)01629-1
· https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.27.21268278v1.full.pdf
The omicron (B.1.1.529) SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern does not readily infect Syrian hamsters
· https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.24.474086v1
Firma de las células T CD8+ de memoria de larga duración en la infección aguda por SARS-CoV-2 e Interferon
· https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/12/firma-de-las-celulas-t-cd8-de-memoria.html
· https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/01/asi-funcionan-las-vacunas-de-arn.html
· https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2020/12/de-hungria-un-futuro-nobel-retrato-de.html
Comparison of outcomes from COVID infection in pediatric and adult patients before and after the emergence of Omicron
· https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.30.21268495v1
SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus co-infection
Ómicron infecta menos las células pulmonares
· Al menos en modelos celulares y en hámsteres. Es verdad que no tenemos el dato en humanos, pero existen varios trabajos preliminares que sugieren que la variante ómicron se multiplica peor en células pulmonares, lo cual podría ser indicativo de su menor virulencia (aunque habría que comprobar qué ocurre en otros órganos).
· https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.24.474086v1
Early Remdesivir to Prevent Progression to Severe Covid-19 in Outpatients
· https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2116846?s=09
Preclinical studies demonstrate sotrovimab retains activity against the full combination of mutations in the spike protein of the Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant
· https://www.gsk.com/en-gb/media/press-releases/sotrovimab-retains-activity/
SARS-CoV-2 entry sites are present in all structural elements of the human glossopharyngeal and vagal nerves: clinical implications
· https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.30.474580v1
Early assessment of the clinical severity of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in South Africa
Severity of Omicron variant of concern and vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic disease: national cohort with nested test negative design study in Scotland
Persistence of functional memory B cells recognizing SARS-CoV-2 variants despite loss of specific IgG
Maduración de la afinidad : las células B de memoria pueden modificar los Ac para adaptarse a las modificaciones de las variantes
· https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(21)01629-1
· El Paxlovid es un inhibidor de una de las proteasas del SARS-CoV-2, la denominada 3CL. El tratamiento se combina con otro inhibidor de las proteasas, el ritonavir, que ha sido empleado contra el VIH.
El anticuerpo monoclonal Sotrovimab, de la empresa GSK, también parece que es eficaz contra ómicron.
· https://www.gsk.com/en-gb/media/press-releases/sotrovimab-retains-activity/
El Remdesivir, un inhibidor de la ARN polimerasa viral, es otro antiviral que enpacientes no hospitalizados con síntomas covid-19 Hasta la fecha, la actividad antiviral de Remdesivir ha sido confirmada in vitro contra todas las otras variantes del SARS-CoV-2, incluyendo alfa, beta, gamma, delta y épsilon.
· https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2116846?s=09
Co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza A Virus in Patient with Pneumonia, China
· https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/6/20-0299_article
The clinical characteristics of pneumonia patients co-infected with 2019 novel coronavirus and influenza virus in Wuhan, China
SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus co-infection
· https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)31052-7/fulltext
Estudio danés sobre transmisión de Ómicron en vacunados más q en no vacunados
· https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.27.21268278v1
Análisis de Rafa Toledo - JM Miro -Ignacio López-Goñi
Análisis de Rafa Toledo
· https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/12/omicron-repaso-al-tema-mutaciones.html
· https://999plazaradio.valenciaplaza.com/omicron-coronavirus-vacunas-inmunizacion
· https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2022/01/febrero-sera-clave-empezaran-liberarse.html
· Variante:No es lo mismo a decir que "no es grave" o que "es leve".
· Supongamos que 10% en 100 casos requerían hospitalización con Delta; supongamos ahora con Omicron solo se interna el 1% pero son 1000 casos...al final la ocupación hospitalaria es la misma y el sistema de salud se colapsa igual.
Ómicron: cinco buenas noticias para acabar el año Ignacio López-Goñi
· https://theconversation.com/omicron-cinco-buenas-noticias-para-acabar-el-ano-17426
· https://microbioblog.es/omicron-cinco-buenas-noticias-para-acabar-el-ano
· https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/las-buenas-noticias-sobre-omicron-que.html
· Ignacio López-Goñi es Catedrático de Microbiología en la Universidad de Navarra.
· Llegan a España las pastillas antivirales: a quién beneficiará Paxlovid y cómo puede ayudar a la lucha contra el Covid
Estudio del origen del SARS-CoV-2
https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2020/03/the-proximal-origin-of-sars-cov-2.html
https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2020/04/verdades-rumores-y-mentiras-sobre-el.html
https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2020/12/seis-datos-sobre-la-conexion-entre-la.html
https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/05/las-espiculas-de-los-coronavirus-sars.html
https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2020/04/el-origen-del-coronavirus-sin-bulos-y.html
https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/05/que-informacion-proporciona-la.html
De animales a humanos
https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2020/04/como-pasan-los-virus-de-los-animales.html
Pangolin?
https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2020/03/el-pangolin-vuelve-convertirse-el.html
https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/02/la-oms-y-china-concluyen-que-el.html
Una herramienta para saber si el coronavirus es de origen natural o está fabricado por el hombre
https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2020/03/un-equipo-de-investigadores-establece.html
Bulos-Fakes
https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2020/08/medicos-por-la-verdad.html
https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2020/04/123-preguntas-sobre-coronavirus-antonio.html
https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2020/04/el-origen-del-coronavirus-sin-bulos-y.html
https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2015/04/conspiranoicos-que-pesadilla.html
https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2016/03/el-mito-de-las-conspiraciones.html
https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/09/saber-bioinformatica-para-evitar-caer.html
https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2019/09/las-conspiraciones-y-su-falta-de-logica.html
La ciencia…
https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2016/03/la-ciencia-te-invita-cuestionarlo-todo.html
https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2019/09/las-conspiraciones-y-su-falta-de-logica.html
https://historia.nationalgeographic.com.es/a/grandes-pandemias-historia_15178
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK285579/
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-020-0771-4
Otros
https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/medios-de-comunicaciongeneradores-de.html
Origen del virus
https://www.larazon.es/internacional/20210602/ugjpp7iv4fggjggf5hjseaxz7y.html
https://www.larazon.es/internacional/20200430/fslxrfisrfaebau4oyt3vci2zi.html
Gripalización de la Pandemia
· Tanto la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) como la Agencia Europea del Medicamento (EMA, por sus siglas en inglés), se han pronunciado estos días sobre el error que supone empezar a tratar la pandemia como endemia. «España quiere liderar este debate porque nos parece necesario y oportuno abrirlo», ha sentenciado la ministra de Sanidad.
· El único inconveniente de la ‘gripalización’ consiste en que necesita la conformidad del virus y éste, por el momento, no se deja.
· https://www.abc.es/opinion/abci-ignacio-camacho-gripalizar-decreto-202201120147_noticia.html
· Los expertos consideran que hay que cambiar la manera de abordar la situación, pero aseguran que todavía no es el momento de gripalizar el coronavirus.
· https://www.elconfidencial.com/espana/andalucia/2022-01-13/ccaa-recelan-gripalizar-covid_3358074/
Videos
· https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1eM1KbuNpn8
· Desde Semergen están de acuerdo en que hay que normalizar la situación pero en su justa medida, "sin precipitarse ni banalizar el covid diciendo que es como la gripe porque no lo es".
· El plan del Gobierno de la nación de pasar de fase y comenzar a ‘gripalizar’ el covid topó primero con el rechazo de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y después con las reticencias de las comunidades autónomas.
Cautelas: Los expertos piden cautela
· https://www.redaccionmedica.com/directo/coronavirus-ultimas-noticias/20220114
· El presidente de SEMG de Asturias, José Miguel Álvarez Cabo, asegura que tratar el coronavirus como gripe es precipitado y advierte de los riesgos que tendría.
· https://www.lavanguardia.com/vida/20220111/7978716/expertos-prematuro-gripalizar-covid.html
· El Ministerio de Salud de Israel están sopesando un cambio de política para alcanzar la inmunidad colectiva a través de contagios masivos con la nueva variante.
· https://www.epe.es/es/sanidad/20211231/medicos-idea-israel-contagio-masivo-13044572
Tasa de incidencia-Otros baremos-Red centinela
· ¿La tasa de incidencia es siempre adecuada para medir?
· La media en España se sitúa en 3.042,11 por 100.000 habitantes (día 11 de enero de 2022) https://www.elperiodico.com/es/sociedad/20220112/coronavirus-hoy-12-enero-7888927
¿Sigue siendo el número de contagios el mejor termómetro en este punto de la pandemia? Pablo Linde
Estas son las consecuencias de que, aunque se diga que no se va a hacer, sigamos basando las expectativas en el número de contagios o la IA.
· https://twitter.com/alfwarrior/status/1473024904165535747
· El modelo actual para decidir las medidas restrictivas que se deben de tomar no es válido, cada comunidad ha decidió la dureza de sus medidas con dispares resultados, en algunas comunidades afectando gravemente a la economía de determinados sectores
Red centinela
Baremos obsoletos:
· https://www.elconfidencial.com/espana/2021-08-29/medir-riesgo-incidencia-baremos-obsoletos_3253274/
El papel de los medios en contexto covid19
· "Los médicos de Familia no podemos pasar tanto tiempo tramitando bajas de personas sin síntomas".
· "Los médicos tenemos que atender a los enfermos. Y ahora mismo estamos atendiendo a personas asintomáticas"
· https://twitter.com/Albert_Planes
· Salvador Tranche: "La atención primaria está absolutamente olvidada. Estamos cansados anímica y psicológicamente"
· https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/medios-de-comunicaciongeneradores-de.html
Variantes, casuística
· https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/humans-2-omicron-1-etopol.html
· https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/ihu-no-se-impuso-la-variante-delta-y.html
Eficacia Vacunas
· https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/las-vacunas-inmunizan.html
El final de la pandemia
· Mariano Guindal 12/01/2022
· https://www.lavanguardia.com/economia/20220112/7981221/final-pandemia.html
· https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/dos-anos-son-suficientes-que-esperaban.html
La guerra contra Covid debería haber terminado
· https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/la-guerra-contra-covid-deberia-haber.html
La pandemia degeneró en mascarada
· https://www.vozpopuli.com/opinion/pandemia-mascarada.html
· Interferon
· https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/06/interferon-resistance-of-emerging-sars.html
Inmunidad
· https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/07/drosten-y-la-inmunidad-de-grupo.html
· https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/09/inmunologia-basica-o-como-nos.html
· https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/12/firma-de-las-celulas-t-cd8-de-memoria.html
· https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/12/sars-cov-2-spike-t-cell-responses.html
Vacunas
· https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/07/el-concepto-de-eficacia-en-las-vacunas.html
· Vacunados/No vacunados
· https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2021/12/vacunados-no-vacunados-ny-mayo.html
Darle al virus donde más le duele: los dos nuevos antivirales contra SARS-CoV-2
· https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/12/epidemiologia-y-dinamica-de-transmision.html
· https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2022/01/enlaces-coronavirusmutaciones.html
· https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/12/inmunidad-de-grupo-agutierrez.html
El débil ataque de Omicron a los pulmones podría hacerlo menos peligroso.
Omicron’s feeble attack on the lungs could make it less dangerous
· Mounting evidence from animal studies suggests that Omicron does not multiply readily in lung tissue, which can be badly damaged in people infected with other variants.
· https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-00007-8
· Variantes en estudio
· https://twitter.com/hashtag/Flurona?src=hashtag_click
· https://twitter.com/hashtag/Deltacron?src=hashtag_click
The novel coronavirus originating in Wuhan, China: challenges for global health governance.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) situation report—100.
Las vacunas inmunizan es un hecho incuestionable.
· https://twitter.com/alfwarrior/status/1403313688623435782
· https://twitter.com/alfwarrior/status/1476452714997506050
· https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/las-vacunas-inmunizan.html
“Empezar a reflexionar que hay que abordar la pandemia del coronavirus de una manera diferente y pasar "de un modelo de gestión de crisis a un modelo de control". Los propios responsables de los protocolos de hospitalización están dando la voz de alarma sobre el “error” en las estadísticas provocado por el protocolo de PCR al ingreso, que no diferencia entre hospitalizados “por” y “con” Covid.
https://twitter.com/RanIsraeli/status/1483545718359048197
Alarmismo/No alarmismo
· https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2021/12/margarita-del-val-carga-contra-el.html
· https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/sexta-ola-alta-expansion-baja.html
· https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/las-medidas-funcionan-o-no.html
· https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/para-que-sirve-el-toque-de-queda.html
· https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/colapso-en-los-cap-por-enfermos-leves-y_12.html
· https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/quienes-son-los-alarmistas.html
Alarmismos 6 ola y economía
· https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/la-guerra-contra-covid-deberia-haber.html
· Margarita del Val carga ahora contra el alarmismo: "Se está metiendo miedo con la variante ómicron"
· Es una de las científicas que más ha alertado en contra de la relajación frente a la pandemia de Covid-19. 23 diciembre, 2021
Relato situación vivida en los hospitales
· https://twitter.com/perdidueblog
·"Casi todas las hospitalizaciones y muertes en esta población podrían haberse evitado mediante la vacunación". Un estudio apunta que la vacuna reduce un 98% el ingreso en UCI de adolescentes por covid
Previsiones erradas
https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/previsiones-erradas-que-han- perjudicado.html
Ver gráficos análisis Sudáfrica y otros países (11-2021 y 12-2021)
https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/vacunacion-o-restriccionesel-debate.html
https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2021/12/catalunya-toque-de-queda-se-han.html
https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2021/12/senales-mixtas-ante-senales-mixtas-hay.html
https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/analizando-sudafrica-y-ahora-uk-verian.html
La tendencia general
https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/la-tendencia-general-lopez-acunala.html
El pasaporte Covid no frena a Ómicron
https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/el-pasaporte-covid-no-frena.html
Bioestadistica-Bioinformatica
· https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2020/03/bioestadistica-econometria-graficas.html
· https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/05/que-informacion-proporciona-la.html
· https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/10/la-secuencia-cggcgg-y-el-coronavirus.html
· https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2020/03/bioinformatica-bioestadisticabreve.html
· https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/ihu-no-se-impuso-la-variante-delta-y.html
· https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/para-que-sirve-el-toque-de-queda.html
· https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/6-ola-valoracion-de-alex-arenas.html
· https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/tercera-dosis-contagio-masivo-o.html
· https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/pros-y-contras-de-la-gripalizacion-de.html
· https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/quienes-son-los-alarmistas.html
· https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/colapso-en-los-cap-por-enfermos-leves-y.html
https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/las-medidas-funcionan-o-no.html
Otros virus
https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2015/01/hepatitis-c-raymond-schinazzifarmacos.html
https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/05/virus-que-se-usan-para-curar.html
Caso Escuelas
Se cierra el ocio y restauración cuando el riesgo esta en la escuela con los niños y los profesores
https://twitter.com/oriolmitja/status/1484080087490347009
https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/los-modelos-anticiparon-unos-panoramas.html
Pasaporte COVI no frena Omicrom
https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/el-pasaporte-covid-no-frena.html
Visión estática de la pandemia
https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/vision-estatica-de-la-pandemia-y-seguir.html
La tendencia general…
https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/la-tendencia-general-lopez-acunala.html
Habrá otra variante
https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/habra-otra-variante-esto-es-lo-que-el.html
Incongruencias pgm IKER sobre el origen del virus .PGM Horizonte
https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/15-1-incongruencias-pgm-iker-sobre-el.html
Otras pandemias
"las estrategias de vacunación siempre deben tener en cuenta la relación riesgo-beneficio y cuando ésta es baja, la vacunación no está indicada".
https://www.redaccionmedica.com/secciones/sanidad-hoy/vacunar-de-covid-en-exceso-provoca-un-sistema-inmune-exhausto-en-jovenes-1096
La OMS considera “plausible” el fin de la pandemia en Europa cuando disminuya la ola de ómicron
https://elpais.com/sociedad/2022-01-24/la-oms-considera-plausible-el-fin-de-la-pandemia-en-europa-cuando-disminuya-la-ola-de-omicron.html?ssm=TW_CM
Viral dynamics and duration of PCR positivity of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.13.22269257v1
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.10.22269010v2.full.pdf
Covid-19 en España durante 2021
Boscá, J. E., J. Cano y J. Ferri (2022). “Covid-19 en España durante 2021.” FEDEA, Documento de Trabajo no. 2022-01. Madrid.
https://policy.fedea.net/covid-19-en-espana-durante-2021/
Resumen pandemia 13-1-2022
· https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/rsumen-de-la-pandemia-13-enero-2022.html
Enlaces anteriores 9-1-2022
https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2022/01/enlaces-coronavirusmutaciones.html
https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2022/01/ii-enlaces-fuentes-sobre-el-virus.html
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