notistecnicas: Immuno-proteomic profiling reveals aberrant immune cell regulation in the airways of individuals with ongoing post-COVID-19 respiratory disease

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2022.01.017 Get rights and content

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Highlights

•Post-COVID-19 airways, but not blood, show immune and proteomic changes

•Different post-COVID-19 lung abnormalities relate to distinct immunological features
•Increased BAL cytotoxic T cells are linked to epithelial damage and airway disease
•BAL myeloid and B cell numbers correlate with the degree of lung CT abnormality

Summary

Some patients hospitalized with acute COVID-19 suffer respiratory symptoms that persist for many months. We delineated the immune-proteomic landscape in the airways and peripheral blood of healthy controls and post-COVID-19 patients 3 to 6 months after hospital discharge. Post-COVID-19 patients showed abnormal airway (but not plasma) proteomes, with an elevated concentration of proteins associated with apoptosis, tissue repair, and epithelial injury versus healthy individuals. Increased numbers of cytotoxic lymphocytes were observed in individuals with greater airway dysfunction, while increased B cell numbers and altered monocyte subsets were associated with more widespread lung abnormalities. A one-year follow-up of some post-COVID-19 patients indicated that these abnormalities resolved over time. In summary, COVID-19 causes a prolonged change to the airway immune landscape in those with persistent lung disease, with evidence of cell death and tissue repair linked to the ongoing activation of cytotoxic T cells.

Graphical abstract

Las proteínas que fueron diferencialmente abundantes de manera más significativa entre los pacientes post-COVID-19 y los controles fueron la globulina transportadora de tiroxina (SERPINA7), la dipeptidil peptidasa 4 (DPP4), el inhibidor de la serina proteasa plasmática(SERPINA5)

Keywords

respiratory viral infection

tissue-resident memory

COVID-19

SARS-CoV-2

airways

respiratory tract

proteomics

T cells

long COVID

Introduction

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-related coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) manifests as a spectrum of acute illnesses ranging from mild respiratory symptoms to severe, sometimes fatal, respiratory failure (Docherty et al., 2020). While the acute impact of COVID-19 on morbidity and mortality is well documented, we are still in the infancy of understanding the longer-term consequences. Morbidity from a range of persistent symptoms, including breathlessness, fatigue, and memory impairment, has been noted in patients recovering after the acute illness and described under the umbrella term of “long COVID” (Nalbandian et al., 2021; Sigfrid et al., 2021). Complex respiratory complications have been found in up to 18.4% of inpatients (Drake et al., 2021), and persistent breathlessness reported in more than 50% of patients recovering from COVID-19 (Mandal et al., 2021). The underlying etiology for persistent respiratory morbidity is likely to be multifactorial but may be due to persistent parenchymal abnormalities and resultant ineffective gaseous exchange. Persistent radiological abnormalities post-COVID-19 are common and may be present even up to 6 months post hospital discharge (Fabbri et al., 2021; Guler et al., 2021; Han et al., 2021; Myall et al., 2021). There is, therefore, a pressing need to understand the molecular and cellular basis of post-COVID-19 pulmonary syndromes.

The acute immunological and inflammatory events that occur during human respiratory virus infections, including SARS-CoV-2, are relatively well described (Harker and Lloyd, 2021). By contrast, the immunological landscape of the human respiratory tract after recovery from acute viral infection is poorly understood. SARS-CoV-2 infection results in the formation of long-lasting systemic immunological memory, with virus-specific antibodies and T cell responses still detectable in the majority of those infected at least 8 months post-infection and higher titers seen in previously hospitalized individuals (Dan et al., 2021). Circulating lymphocyte counts and the function and frequency of monocytes are also reduced during acute disease, although they appear to return to normal shortly after the resolution of acute disease (Mann et al., 2020; Scott et al., 2020). Likewise, plasma concentrations of inflammatory mediators such as IL-6 and CXCL10, that are highly elevated in acute disease, reduce as individuals recover (Rodriguez et al., 2020). Together, this suggests that systemic inflammatory and immune responses associated with acute disease severity resolve in line with recovery from the acute symptoms. It therefore remains unclear whether the severity of inflammation during acute disease is associated with the persistent respiratory pathology seen in some SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals months after infection or whether there is ongoing inflammation in these individuals.

This study examines the relationship between the immune system and respiratory pathology post-COVID-19. The immune cell and proteomic composition of the airways and peripheral blood were analyzed in a group of previously hospitalized COVID-19 patients with persistent radiological abnormalities in their lungs more than 3 months post discharge. In comparison to healthy individuals, the post-COVID-19 airways showed substantial increases in activated CD8⁺ and CD4⁺ tissue-resident memory (Trm) cells, and an altered monocyte pool. The airway proteome was also distinct from that observed in healthy individuals, with elevation in proteins associated with ongoing cell death, loss of barrier integrity and immune cell recruitment. None of these airway abnormalities were reflected in the proteome or immune cells of the matched peripheral blood. The scale of these alterations was not linked to the initial severity of disease while in hospital and were heterogenous; some individuals displayed heightened T cell responses associated with significant increases in CXCR3 chemokines in the airways, linked to prolonged epithelial damage and extracellular matrix (ECM) dysregulation, while other individuals exhibited a return to relative airway homeostasis. Subsequent long-term follow-up also suggested that these changes to the airway landscape progressively return to normal.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1074761322000462?via%3Dihub#fig1

¿Que hemos aprendido?

Deberemos asumir que los avances en la ciencia son complicados de entender, y que los mismos expertos en unos temas se pueden contradecir en otros, si con la pandemia actual se están observando contradicciones, podemos pronosticar que en los próximos avances en biotecnologia, en IA en robotización se producirán muchas confusiones, alimentadas por los medios de comunicación ,si actúan como con esta pandemia.

https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2021/07/pandemia-y-ciencia-bajo-presion-que.html

-Omicron y la incertidumbre-Agencia Sinc.es

· https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/12/omicron-y-la-incertidumbre.html

· https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/12/hkumed-descubre-que-omicron-sars-cov-2.html

COVID-19 Año 2: Qué sabemos sobre Omicron, la variante que está provocando millones de infecciones.

· El Dr. JM Miró, del Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, ofrece 45 minutos de actualización sobre Omicron, la variante del SARS-CoV-2 que está provocando millones de infecciones en todo el mundo..

· https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_FuPGY5d18

· https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCvqwrga5-pwV9Dpm8Tj7Nww

-Omicron :Resumen Grupo de Investigacion Cientifica en Salud y tecnologia

· Grupo de Investigacion Cientifica en Salud y tecnologia de Cochapamba, conformado por: investigadores, médicos especialistas, medicos generales, medicos residentes, estudiantes de medicina -Omicron ACTUALIZADO 22/12/21

· https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/12/omicron-resumen-grupo-de-investigacion.html

Las mutaciones del coronavirus SARS-CoV-2

Marcos López Hoyos: “La COVID seguirá mutando a una variante menos agresiva que la convertirá en un catarro”

https://www.eldiario.es/cantabria/ultimas-noticias/marcos-lopez-hoyos-covid-seguira-mutando-variante-agresiva-convertira-catarro_1_8620679.html

-Omicron / Repaso al tema mutaciones

· https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/12/omicron-repaso-al-tema-mutaciones.html

https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2020/03/las-mutaciones-del-coronavirus-sars-cov.html

-Coronavirus: qué se sabe de las mutaciones del virus del covid-19 (y cómo los científicos las están siguiendo en tiempo real)

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-Cómo son las mutaciones en los virus y qué sabemos en el caso del SARS-CoV-2

· https://www.infobae.com/salud/ciencia/2021/01/09/como-son-las-mutaciones-en-los-virus-y-que-sabemos-en-el-caso-del-sars-cov-2/?fbclid=IwAR0bhu-R_0oCVPcPj5_qdzs37AXRSnetx_QhkXIoI7sKfEeW7W-H-1qMBE4

-Coronavirus: cómo mutan los virus y cómo prevén los científicos que puede evolucionar el covid-19

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La evolución es impredecible.:Si el virus consigue por ejemplo replicar más rápido o generar más progenie prescindiendo de funciones supresoras de inmunidad celular, podría haber más patogenia y más dispersión al mismo tiempo.

-El virus muta, obtiene ventaja y la naturaleza decide. Ella al azar ha decidido que Omicron es muy transmisible y menos virulento, por eso se extiende como la pólvora.

https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2021/12/mutaciones-virus.html

Coronavirus: qué se sabe de las mutaciones del virus del covid-19 (y cómo los científicos las están siguiendo en tiempo real)

https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-52635122?fbclid=IwAR2ASsg3HFW58BKumyIRz1lCHv40ITnUVKFh0Rb1QgSjGTlpltFDpjE5TVk

Cómo son las mutaciones en los virus y qué sabemos en el caso del SARS-CoV-2

· https://www.infobae.com/salud/ciencia/2021/01/09/como-son-las-mutaciones-en-los-virus-y-que-sabemos-en-el-caso-del-sars-cov-2/?fbclid=IwAR0bhu-R_0oCVPcPj5_qdzs37AXRSnetx_QhkXIoI7sKfEeW7W-H-1qMBE4

Habrá otra variante y mas olas

https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/el-pasaporte-covid-no-frena.html

La vigilancia genómica ha sido una excelente herramienta que ha ayudado a conocer como mutaba el virus.

https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/habra-otra-variante-esto-es-lo-que-el.html

Variantes, casuística

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· https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/ihu-no-se-impuso-la-variante-delta-y.html

Variantes en estudio

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· https://twitter.com/hashtag/Flurona?src=hashtag_click

· https://twitter.com/hashtag/Deltacron?src=hashtag_click

Estimated transmissibility and impact of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 in England

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abg3055

La infección #Ómicron mejora la inmunidad neutralizante contra #Delta. Esto sugiere que Ómicron ayudará a expulsar a Delta, ya que debería disminuir la probabilidad de que alguien infectado con Omicron se vuelva a infectar con Delta

· https://www.niusdiario.es/ciencia-y-tecnologia/ciencia/buenas-noticias-omicron-motivos-optimismo-2022-vacunas-covid-fin-pandemia_18_3259471110.html

· https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2021/12/mutaciones-virus.html

· https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(21)01629-1?fbclid=IwAR1spjzXkY9-2wuvD-smPvUsrq0dumy1DcwfLPgdpTqycSbxVKFZFFn0RKk

https://www.niusdiario.es/ciencia-y-tecnologia/ciencia/buenas-noticias-omicron-motivos-optimismo-2022-vacunas-covid-fin-pandemia_18_3259471110.html

- HKUMed descubre que Omicron SARS-CoV-2 puede infectar más rápido y mejor que Delta en el bronquio humano pero con una infección menos grave en el pulmón/ Evidence for a mouse origin of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant-

· https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/12/hkumed-descubre-que-omicron-sars-cov-2.html

Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 by children and young people in households and schools: A meta-analysis of population-based and contact-tracing studies

· https://www.journalofinfection.com/article/S0163-4453(21)00633-2/fulltext

"Un estudio del Imperial College de Londres concluye que la inmunidad natural generada después de la infección por ómicron roza el 19% frente al 85% que proporcionaba Delta"

https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/232698/omicron-largely-evades-immunity-from-past/

https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/omicron-se-transmite-con-mas-rapidez.html

-Asymptomatic transmission and high community burden of seasonal influenza in an urban and a rural community in South Africa, 2017–18 (PHIRST): a population cohort study

https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(21)00141-8/fulltext

- La tercera ola y el gráfico de Victor Tseng

https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2022/01/la-tercera-ola-y-el-grafico-de-victor.html

Hacia el fin de la excepcionalidad

https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2022/01/hacia-el-fin-de-la-excepcionalidad.html

Early assessment of the clinical severity of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in South Africa

https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.21268116v1?fbclid=IwAR0HPDCG_7NOhYPVgZ9HDNOM6Eae1OgoGZLYL35snjumdoCPFF9wFxU7n5g

Severity of Omicron variant of concern and vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic disease: national cohort with nested test negative design study in Scotland

https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/severity-of-omicron-variant-of-concern-and-vaccine-effectiveness-?fbclid=IwAR0paframb60xzegrAQvLfWxm-w8FYsPt6rTfdFyZdEGewJytjGFEuL7I3M Re

Resistence of functional memory B cells recognizing SARS-CoV-2 variants despite loss of specific IgG

·https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(21)01629-1?fbclid=IwAR0bhu-R_0oCVPcPj5_qdzs37AXRSnetx_QhkXIoI7sKfEeW7W-H-1qMBE4

· https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(21)01629-

Maduración de la afinidad : las células B de memoria pueden modificar los Ac para adaptarse a las modificaciones de las variantes

https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(21)01629-1?fbclid=IwAR1spjzXkY9-2wuvD-smPvUsrq0dumy1DcwfLPgdpTqycSbxVKFZFFn0RKk

Targeting memory T cell metabolism to improve immunity

· https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/12/t-cell-receptors-tcrs.html

https://www.jci.org/articles/view/148546?fbclid=IwAR2BMVZ2D_kKSg8Q8_ZXrf6yfZ2nXB8gmNvdWvwFXquA2rRRrVWxNETNJ-0

https://www.jci.org/review_series/117?fbclid=IwAR0FdZ7Ep_9d9R_HDNnUnkBMiEHBZg7p0fzXFLx8k-yRs1G6JbOB8JoMpus

SARS-CoV-2 spike T cell responses induced upon vaccination or infection remain robust against Omicron

· https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/12/sars-cov-2-spike-t-cell-responses.html

Maduración de la afinidad : las células B de memoria pueden modificar los Ac para adaptarse a las modificaciones de las variantes

· https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(21)01629-1

· https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.27.21268278v1.full.pdf

· https://secureservercdn.net/50.62.198.70/1mx.c5c.myftpupload.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/MEDRXIV-2021-268439v1-Sigal.pdf

The omicron (B.1.1.529) SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern does not readily infect Syrian hamsters

· https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.24.474086v1

Firma de las células T CD8+ de memoria de larga duración en la infección aguda por SARS-CoV-2 e Interferon

· https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/12/firma-de-las-celulas-t-cd8-de-memoria.html

· https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/01/asi-funcionan-las-vacunas-de-arn.html

· https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2020/12/de-hungria-un-futuro-nobel-retrato-de.html

Comparison of outcomes from COVID infection in pediatric and adult patients before and after the emergence of Omicron

· https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.30.21268495v1

SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus co-infection

· https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)31052-7/fulltext#.YdIgDLgZjYM.twitter

Ómicron infecta menos las células pulmonares

· Al menos en modelos celulares y en hámsteres. Es verdad que no tenemos el dato en humanos, pero existen varios trabajos preliminares que sugieren que la variante ómicron se multiplica peor en células pulmonares, lo cual podría ser indicativo de su menor virulencia (aunque habría que comprobar qué ocurre en otros órganos).

· https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.24.474086v1

Early Remdesivir to Prevent Progression to Severe Covid-19 in Outpatients

· https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2116846?s=09

Preclinical studies demonstrate sotrovimab retains activity against the full combination of mutations in the spike protein of the Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant

· https://www.gsk.com/en-gb/media/press-releases/sotrovimab-retains-activity/

SARS-CoV-2 entry sites are present in all structural elements of the human glossopharyngeal and vagal nerves: clinical implications

· https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.30.474580v1

Early assessment of the clinical severity of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in South Africa· https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.21268116v1?fbclid=IwAR0HPDCG_7NOhYPVgZ9HDNOM6Eae1OgoGZLYL35snjumdoCPFF9wFxU7n5g

Severity of Omicron variant of concern and vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic disease: national cohort with nested test negative design study in Scotland

· https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/severity-of-omicron-variant-of-concern-and-vaccine-effectiveness-?fbclid=IwAR0paframb60xzegrAQvLfWxm-w8FYsPt6rTfdFyZdEGewJytjGFEuL7I3M

Persistence of functional memory B cells recognizing SARS-CoV-2 variants despite loss of specific IgG

· https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(21)01629-1?fbclid=IwAR0bhu-R_0oCVPcPj5_qdzs37AXRSnetx_QhkXIoI7sKfEeW7W-H-1qMBE4

Maduración de la afinidad : las células B de memoria pueden modificar los Ac para adaptarse a las modificaciones de las variantes

· https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(21)01629-1

· https://secureservercdn.net/50.62.198.70/1mx.c5c.myftpupload.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/MEDRXIV-2021-268439v1-Sigal.pdf

· El Paxlovid es un inhibidor de una de las proteasas del SARS-CoV-2, la denominada 3CL. El tratamiento se combina con otro inhibidor de las proteasas, el ritonavir, que ha sido empleado contra el VIH.

· https://theconversation.com/darle-al-virus-donde-mas-le-duele-los-dos-nuevos-antivirales-contra-sars-cov-2-172461

El anticuerpo monoclonal Sotrovimab, de la empresa GSK, también parece que es eficaz contra ómicron.

· https://www.gsk.com/en-gb/media/press-releases/sotrovimab-retains-activity/

El Remdesivir, un inhibidor de la ARN polimerasa viral, es otro antiviral que enpacientes no hospitalizados con síntomas covid-19 Hasta la fecha, la actividad antiviral de Remdesivir ha sido confirmada in vitro contra todas las otras variantes del SARS-CoV-2, incluyendo alfa, beta, gamma, delta y épsilon.

· https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2116846?s=09

Co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza A Virus in Patient with Pneumonia, China

· https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/6/20-0299_article

The clinical characteristics of pneumonia patients co-infected with 2019 novel coronavirus and influenza virus in Wuhan, China

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340074430_The_clinical_characteristics_of_pneumonia_patients_co-infected_with_2019_novel_coronavirus_and_influenza_virus_in_Wuhan_China

SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus co-infection

· https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)31052-7/fulltext

Estudio danés sobre transmisión de Ómicron en vacunados más q en no vacunados

· https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.27.21268278v1

Análisis de Rafa Toledo

· https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/12/omicron-repaso-al-tema-mutaciones.html

· https://999plazaradio.valenciaplaza.com/omicron-coronavirus-vacunas-inmunizacion

· https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2022/01/febrero-sera-clave-empezaran-liberarse.html

Viral dynamics and duration of PCR positivity of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant

https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.13.22269257v1

https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.10.22269010v2.full.pdf

https://www.niusdiario.es/ciencia-y-tecnologia/ciencia/cientificos-indagan-futuro-omicron-causas-mas-contagioso_18_3270496435.html

Se inicia en ensayo clínico para analizar la eficacia y seguridad de una vacuna de Pfizer/BioNTech diseñada específicamente contra la variante ómicron del SARS-CoV-2

https://www.pfizer.com/news/press-release/press-release-detail/pfizer-and-biontech-initiate-study-evaluate-omicron-based

Interferon

· https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/06/interferon-resistance-of-emerging-sars.html

https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2022/01/omicron-e-interferon.html

Interferon y otros farmacos que se utilizan en el virus de la hepatitis C (fibrosis higado) - En estudio, relación interferon con coronavirus -Marzo 2020

https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2020/03/en-estudio-relacion-interferon-con.html?fbclid=IwAR0fyM0alNaW-foXoihakOskLHh1vUYQp3qzMlhxFHL4OThHVEclMV9fZ0k

La combinación de tres antivirales ( interferón beta-1b más lopinavir-ritonavir y ribavirina) se muestra prometedora para tratar la Covid-19 -Mayo 2020

https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2020/05/la-combinacion-de-tres-antivirales.html?fbclid=IwAR1QjAGi8TqRZa3aUCguAKGHdlboiBR0DliffNbzFbd9Gxd1q2zXiIt2MX0

Resistencia al interferón de las variantes emergentes del SARS-CoV-2 -Junio 2021

https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/06/interferon-resistance-of-emerging-sars.html?fbclid=IwAR3VasVhLWxqUXCwMY3pClBNgMTKsGjTXZtMqAJEUVGvdJpwKrVpHSBd4v0

Hepa C -Interferon y relación con fibrosis pulmonar

https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2020/03/murcielagos-vs-interferon-medicacion.html

https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2020/03/en-estudio-relacion-interferon-con.html

https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2020/05/fibrosis-pulmonar-y-covid.html

https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/06/interferon-resistance-of-emerging-sars.html

https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/09/los-farmacos-contra-el-virus-de-la.html

Antivirales

https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2020/05/la-combinacion-de-tres-antivirales.html

https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/09/el-remdesivir-reduce-un-87-el-riesgo-de.html

Otros enlaces anteriores

https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2020/03/bioestadistica-econometria-graficas.html

https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2015/01/hepatitis-c-raymond-schinazzifarmacos.html

Vacunas

Vacunados versus no vacunados-Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)

https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2022/01/vacunados-versus-no-vacunados-morbidity.html

https://www.vozpopuli.com/espana/incidencia-hospitales-covid-gripe.html?fbclid=IwAR2dBXqpOYGeftiPGs53nf2EXfSW62VdrhJfOZ27Nqjd6Hihl4-mWMdykow

Eficacia Vacunas

· https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/las-vacunas-inmunizan.html

https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/07/el-concepto-de-eficacia-en-las-vacunas.html

·Vacunados/No vacunados

· https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2021/12/vacunados-no-vacunados-ny-mayo.html

Las vacunas inmunizan es un hecho incuestionable.

· https://twitter.com/alfwarrior/status/1403313688623435782

· https://twitter.com/alfwarrior/status/1476452714997506050

· https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/las-vacunas-inmunizan.html

https://twitter.com/RanIsraeli/status/1483545718359048197

· https://www.uppers.es/salud-bienestar/noticias-salud/gripalizar-covid-medicos-divididos-riesgos-red-centinela-sanitaria_18_3265772121.html

Vacunación niños

https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/02/rafael-toledo-catedratico-considero-que.html

Inmunidad

· https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/07/drosten-y-la-inmunidad-de-grupo.html

· https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/09/inmunologia-basica-o-como-nos.html

· https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/12/firma-de-las-celulas-t-cd8-de-memoria.html

· https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/12/sars-cov-2-spike-t-cell-responses.html

Darle al virus donde más le duele: los dos nuevos antivirales contra SARS-CoV-2

· https://microbioblog.es/darle-al-virus-donde-mas-le-duele-los-dos-nuevos-antivirales-contra-sars-cov-2

· https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/12/epidemiologia-y-dinamica-de-transmision.html

· https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2022/01/enlaces-coronavirusmutaciones.html

· https://www.eldiario.es/sociedad/ocho-meses-vacunado-puedes-no-anticuerpos-si-producirlos-celulas_128_8634187.html

· https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/12/inmunidad-de-grupo-agutierrez.html

El débil ataque de Omicron a los pulmones podría hacerlo menos peligroso.

Omicron’s feeble attack on the lungs could make it less dangerous

· Mounting evidence from animal studies suggests that Omicron does not multiply readily in lung tissue, which can be badly damaged in people infected with other variants.

· https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-00007-8

·The novel coronavirus originating in Wuhan, China: challenges for global health governance.

· View in Article

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) situation report—100.

· https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200429-sitrep-100-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=bbfbf3d1_6

La evolución de las vacunas: de Edward Jenner a Katalin Karikó

https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/ciencia/apuntes-cientificos/jenner-katalin-kariko-vacunas/?utm_source=materia&utm_medium=facebook&tipo=elabora&cid=soc:afl:fb:----materia:--:::::::sitlnk:materia:&fbclid=IwAR1bLCBt_q0lpFSFjfjM-OOuYPk2Oe7keJYkv_EZ-zOcfyhOZDJZuYZLNes

El aumento de las células T citotóxicas del LBA está relacionado con el daño epitelial y la enfermedad de las vías respiratorias

https://www.uptodate.com/landing/covid19

En este documental de Eduard Punset se explica como se conocía la peligrosidad de los coronavirus SARS y como en cualquier momento podría aparecer un virus como el que padecemos actualmente.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7PHTix2AFEg

Redes

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xz_M-TRJGgk

El retorno de las epidemias

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a3-mIeOJnbU

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7PHTix2AFEg&feature=share&fbclid=IwAR0bIs_YgzI415THkiHw83DRSLOC39dJKQc5eMv8UOTkOGLObL0EHOETCKo

Bioquimica

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DDXY1ig1v68

La tendencia general

https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/la-tendencia-general-lopez-acunala.html

Ver gráficos análisis Sudáfrica y otros países (11-2021 y 12-2021)

https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/vacunacion-o-restriccionesel-debate.html

https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2021/12/catalunya-toque-de-queda-se-han.html

https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2021/12/senales-mixtas-ante-senales-mixtas-hay.html

https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/analizando-sudafrica-y-ahora-uk-verian.html

Visión estática de la pandemia

https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/vision-estatica-de-la-pandemia-y-seguir.html

La tendencia general…

https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/la-tendencia-general-lopez-acunala.html

Long-Term Mortality Following COVID-19 Infection: A National Cohort Study From Estonia

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4028547

Covid-19 en España durante 2021

Boscá, J. E., J. Cano y J. Ferri (2022). “Covid-19 en España durante 2021.” FEDEA, Documento de Trabajo no. 2022-01. Madrid.

https://policy.fedea.net/covid-19-en-espana-durante-2021/

https://es.scribd.com/document/554801455/covid#download&from_embed

https://documentos.fedea.net/pubs/dt/2022/dt2022-01.pdf?utm_source=wordpress&utm_medium=portada&utm_campaign=estudio

https://bit.ly/3rGVY2k

Vacunación

https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/vacunados-versus-no-vacunados-morbidity.html

https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/01/asi-funcionan-las-vacunas-de-arn.html

Contra la banalización de la pandemia y por otro lado contra el alarmismo de la pandemia

https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/contra-la-banalizacion-de-la-pandemia.html

https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/02/hem-fet-el-pressec-amb-els-confinaments.html

Inmunidad

https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/02/asi-es-la-inmunidad-innata-la-razon-por.html

Muchas personas opinando en las redes, pero muy pocos PRIMERO se leen los informes de Farmacologia

Farmacovigilancia y seguridad de las vacunas frente al SARS-CoV-2

https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/03/farmacovigilancia-y-seguridad-de-las.html - Marzo 2021-

10-11 y 12 º Informe de Farmacovigilancia sobre Vacunas COVID-19

https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2022/02/10-11-y-12-informe-de-farmacovigilancia.html

https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/04/4-informe-de-farmacovigilancia-sobre.html

https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/05/portadacovid19-5-informe-de.html

https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/07/7-informe-de-farmacovigilancia-sobre.html

https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2021/12/8-y-9-informe-de-farmacovigilancia.html

https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2022/02/la-logica-de-la-ciencia.html

Tests masivos

https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/02/acaben-ya-con-los-test-masivos-covid-y.html

Algunas de las secuelas respiratorias asociadas a la COVID19 larga derivan en parte de la presencia de linfocitos T citotóxicos activos y persistentes, y de cierta evidencia de muerte celular a nivel pulmonar.

https://www.cell.com/immunity/fulltext/S1074-7613(22)00046-2

«Para los vacunados con dos dosis y contagiados con ómicron, el momento de ponerse la tercera dosis será cuando haya una variante distinta de ómicron»

https://www.elcomercio.es/sociedad/margarita-advierte-omicron-20220211033709-nt.html

Complications Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Victoria, Australia: A Record Linkage Study

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4025054

Rates of COVID-19 Cases and Deaths by Vaccination Status

https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#rates-by-vaccine-status

F.Simon

https://www.huffingtonpost.es/entry/fernando-simon-avanza-algo-que-pasara-en-las-proximas-semanas-avisa-de-que-no-gustara-a-todos_es_620644b6e4b083bd1cbd4f48

Dinamarca

https://www.sst.dk/da/nyheder/2022/ingen-nye-udvidelser-af-covid-19-vaccinationsprogrammet

Estamos desde hace más de 20 en la sociedad de la información y el conocimiento, nunca hemos tenido más conocimiento, herramientas, materiales, documentación, informes verificados por pares y hay una parte de la población con altavoz en las redes que difunde mensajes anti ciencia.

https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2022/02/la-logica-de-la-ciencia.html

Enlaces anteriores 9-1-2022

https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2022/01/enlaces-coronavirusmutaciones.html

https://notistecnicas.blogspot.com/2022/01/ii-enlaces-fuentes-sobre-el-virus.html

Resumen pandemia 13-1-2022

https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/01/rsumen-de-la-pandemia-13-enero-2022.html

Resumen pandemia 11-4-2022

https://articulosclaves.blogspot.com/2022/02/resumen-de-la-pandemia-11-feb-2022.html